Health and Stress Management Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes an individual with dispositional optimism?

They believe bad events are due to stable, global factors.

They expect good events to be plentiful. (correct)

They withdraw from interpersonal relationships.

They often exhibit maladaptive coping strategies.

Which factor is NOT part of the hardiness concept?

Challenge in facing life events

Control over life's circumstances

Avoidance of challenges (correct)

Commitment to goals

How do neurotic individuals typically respond to stressful events?

By enhancing their social support

By engaging in effective problem-solving

With feelings of anxiety and hostility (correct)

With resilient coping strategies

What is the main benefit of positive emotions according to the BROADEN + BUILD MODEL?

They sustain coping efforts and provide breaks from stress. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between hardiness and health outcomes?

Higher hardiness is linked to lower fatigue and depression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary definition of health according to the World Health Organization?

Complete state of well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes stress?

A subjective feeling produced by uncontrollable and threatening events Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping involves maintaining relationships during stressful situations?

Relationship focused coping Signup and view all the answers

Which coping strategy is considered adaptive?

Making strategic plans Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes maladaptive coping as described in the content?

Avoidance and denial Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a poor coping strategy?

Rumination and worrying Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the effectiveness of coping strategies according to the content?

Fit of environment to coping response Signup and view all the answers

Which coping approach focuses on finding a silver lining in stressful situations?

Positive reappraisal Signup and view all the answers

How does neuroticism influence the relationship between stress and illness?

It increases stress reactivity. Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes the interaction between stress and personality in illness outcomes?

Interactional Model Signup and view all the answers

What personality trait is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease?

Hostility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Type D (Distressed) personality?

High achievement motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is associated with Type D personality impacting health?

Higher levels of cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is a common health behavior associated with high neuroticism?

Less time outdoors Signup and view all the answers

How does personality primarily influence the stress-illness connection?

By influencing coping responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor in the Types of Behaviors that impact health?

Social interactions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health Definition

Health, according to the WHO, is a complete state of well-being encompassing physical, mental, and social/emotional well-being
It is not simply the absence of disease or infirmity

Stress and Personality

Stress is a subjective feeling produced by uncontrollable and threatening events.
Stressors are measurable objective changes in the environment, such as daily hassles or major life events.
Personality affects health, with some people more prone to illness or better equipped to handle stress.

Cognitive Appraisal of Stress

Lazarus and Folkman (1984) model describes an important aspect of stress:
- Primary appraisal: Is the event relevant, threatening, or demanding?
- Secondary appraisal: Do the resources to cope exist?

Holmes and Rahe (1967) measured stress levels using a scale of life events
Common life events, and their associated stress levels were included in this rating scale

Coping Strategies

Coping is a behavioral response to stress.
Coping strategies can be categorized as either adaptive or maladaptive
- Adaptive strategies involve problem-solving, positive reframing, or seeking support.
- Maladaptive coping strategies involve denial, avoidance, or rumination
Coping styles are dynamic and depend on context

Models of Personality-Illness Connection

The interactional, transactional, and health behavior models are ways to understand the relationship between personality and illness.
- Interactional model: objective events, personality, and physiological arousal are all contributing to an illness, as well as illness being a coping measure.
- Transactional model: objective events, coping responses, physiological arousal, and personality all interact in different ways.
- Health behavior models: objective events, appraisals, coping responses, personality, and behaviors all play a role in the process of developing illness.

Personality and Health

Personality traits, such as neuroticism or conscientiousness, are associated with different health outcomes.
- Neuroticism, for example, predicts greater stress reactivity, which in turn is linked to higher risk of illness.
- Conscientiousness is associated with better health outcomes due to a greater tendency to engage in healthy behaviors.

Type A and Type D Personalities

Type A personality is characterized by achievement motivation, competitiveness, and time urgency. Hostility is a key component of type A personality, and predicts poorer health outcomes .
Type D personality is characterized by negativity and social inhibition; predicts poorer health outcomes and particularly higher mortality among cardiac patients.

Benefits of Positive Emotions

Positive emotions can help people build resources and cope better with stressful events.
Fredrickson's broaden-and-build model suggests that positive emotions broaden thought-action repertoires and build resources. These benefits involve increased interpersonal support and improved health.

Hardiness

Hardiness is a personality trait characterized by courage, commitment, and control. People with high hardiness may be more resistant to the negative effects of stress.

Negative Influences

Lack of social support is often associated with poorer health outcomes.

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Description

This quiz explores the definition of health as stated by the WHO, along with the role of stress and personality in influencing well-being. Dive into cognitive appraisal theories of stress and the Modified Social Readjustment Rating Scale to understand how life events affect stress levels. Test your knowledge on these critical concepts of health and stress management.