Headache Types and Multiple Myeloma Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a common treatment option for skin conditions mentioned?

  • Wound vacuum therapy
  • Chemotherapy (correct)
  • Surgical intervention
  • Topical steroids

What characteristic is typical of pattern baldness in men?

  • Hair loss in clumps the size of a quarter
  • Hair loss predominantly on the back of the head
  • Loss of hair on the front, sides, and crown (correct)
  • Thinning over the entire head

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the paronychial fold?

  • Onychomycosis
  • Alopecia
  • Hyperplasia
  • Paronychia (correct)

What symptom is commonly associated with skin sensitivity in individuals over 50 years of age?

<p>Increased itching and tingling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In infants, what is a common presentation of a skin issue that involves vesicles?

<p>Small red spots that turn into blisters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

<p>Falling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of headaches is characterized by severe unilateral pain with potential radiation to the jaw or neck?

<p>Cluster headaches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pathophysiology of migraine headaches involves which process?

<p>Neurogenic process with changes in cerebral perfusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is considered at higher risk for developing multiple myeloma?

<p>Men and African Americans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by discolored patches of skin with no cure, often treated with topical steroids?

<p>Vitiligo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic symptom of tension headaches?

<p>Dull, aching sensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequently reported etiology for cluster headaches?

<p>Alcohol and stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for bone marrow failure associated with ICP?

<p>Neuromuscular stabilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic tool is typically used to assess traumatic brain injury?

<p>Glasgow Scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions results from an autoimmune response and often manifests as silver white scales?

<p>Psoriasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cellulitis?

<p>Red, swollen, painful bumps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most commonly associated with multiple myeloma?

<p>Hypercalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of migraine headaches?

<p>Aura scotomas and visual scintillations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is NOT typically used for the management of pressure ulcers?

<p>Topical steroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of melasma?

<p>Hormonal changes during pregnancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is commonly linked to the occurrence of tension headaches?

<p>Excessive fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most likely to exhibit dry, lichenified lesions as a symptom?

<p>Eczema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is commonly used for inflammation and pain management associated with ICP?

<p>Non-opioid medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in most cases?

<p>Tobacco use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is typically NOT used for assessing COPD?

<p>MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is used to manage COPD symptoms?

<p>Bronchodilators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the total lung capacity in individuals with COPD?

<p>It increases due to hyperinflation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with COPD?

<p>Pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage indicates severe COPD based on forced expiratory flow?

<p>30-49% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle change is NOT recommended for managing COPD?

<p>Increased sedentary lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolonged exhalation have on patients with COPD?

<p>Decreased alveolar gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for avoiding closed toe shoes in certain medical conditions?

<p>They can cause impact injuries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skin cancer type is the most common and typically associated with slow growth?

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases susceptibility to melanoma according to the provided information?

<p>Presence of nevi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathological change is observed in pneumonia during the inflammatory response?

<p>Consolidation of alveoli with fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precipitates asthma symptoms according to the information?

<p>Exercise and allergens exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic symptom is NOT associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

<p>Nighttime coughing and wheezing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic tool for sleep apnea mentioned in the content?

<p>Polysomnogram. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer type is associated with a high likelihood of metastasis and a lethal prognosis?

<p>Melanoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary risk factor for developing pneumonia as indicated in the information?

<p>Advanced age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a tension pneumothorax?

<p>Air enters the pleural space and cannot escape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with remodeling and inflammatory changes in bronchioles after every attack?

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma?

<p>Typically appears as red, scaly patches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical treatment for melanoma?

<p>Routine antibiotic therapy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of untreated pneumonia?

<p>Respiratory failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

TBI Cause

External forces, directly or indirectly, impact the brain.

Multiple Myeloma Patho

Rapid growth of plasma cells in bone marrow, causing skeletal damage.

Tension Headache Etiology

Usually stress-related; gradual onset, dull pain.

Cluster Headache Patho

Neurogenic process affecting cerebral blood vessel function.

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Migraine Headache Risk Factor

Low serotonin levels, women are more prone.

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Multiple Myeloma Risk

Men, African Americans, exposure to chemicals, radiation, and genetics

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Migraine CM

Aura, scotomas, visual scintillations, paresthesia.

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Tension Headache CM

Dull, aching, band-like sensation, bifrontal/occipitofrontal pain

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TBI Diagnosis Tool

Glasgow Coma Scale, CT, MRI

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Cluster Headache CM

Severe, unilateral, periorbital or facial pain; tearing, nasal discharge, eyelid edema, miosis..

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ICP (Increased Intracranial Pressure)

A condition where pressure inside the skull increases, potentially damaging brain tissue.

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Vitiligo Treatment

No cure, but topical steroids are used to manage symptoms.

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Pressure Ulcers (Decubitus Ulcers)

Skin sores caused by prolonged pressure on bony areas, reducing blood flow.

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Cellulitis Treatment

Antibiotics, ointments, dressings, and possible debridement.

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Vitiligo Cause

Unknown cause; likely hereditary or autoimmune, resulting in abnormal melanin production.

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Psoriasis

Autoimmune skin condition causing red, scaly patches.

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Pressure Ulcer Stages

Pressure ulcers are graded from Stage 1 to 4, with increasing severity; Unstageable.

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Eczema Cause

Hypersensitivity reaction from allergies or environment, resulting in dry, irritated lesions

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Alopecia

Sudden loss of hair, in one area of the scalp.

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Pattern Baldness

Common hair loss pattern, often associated with genetics, age, hormonal factors.

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Paronychia

Inflammation of the nail fold (around the nail).

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Onychomycosis

Fungal infection of the nails (finger or toe).

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Dressing/Wound Care

Treatment for wounds or injuries, including cleaning, protecting, preventing infections.

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What is COPD?

A progressive, unpreventable, and irreversible lung disease characterized by airflow limitation.

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What causes COPD?

The most common cause is smoking (80-90%), but occupational exposures, air pollution, and genetic factors like alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency can also contribute.

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How do lung changes impact COPD?

Inflammation leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells, metaplasia, leukocytic and lymphocytic infiltration, resulting in decreased surface area for gas exchange, hypoxic drive, and prolonged exhalation.

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What are some risk factors for COPD?

Secondhand smoke, exposure to lung damaging substances during childhood, aging, airway hyperreactivity, and alcohol consumption.

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What diagnostic tests are used for COPD?

Blood gas analysis, sputum tests, CBC, chest x-ray, CT scan, and pulmonary function tests (PFTS).

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How is COPD diagnosed using chest x-ray?

The chest x-ray shows decreased lung markings and hyperinflation, indicating air trapping.

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How is COPD diagnosed using PFTS?

The PFTS shows increased residual volume and total lung capacity, but decreased vital capacity and forced expiratory flow.

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How is COPD severity categorized?

Based on PFTS, mild: >80%, moderate: 50-79%, severe: 30-49%, and very severe: <30% of predicted values.

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Skin Cancer Types

Skin cancer includes Basal Cell, Squamous Cell, and Melanoma, each with different characteristics and risk levels.

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Melanoma Risk Factors

Certain ethnicities (African Americans, Asians, Hispanics) have higher susceptibility to melanoma, and often present with more advanced disease.

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Melanoma Characteristics

Melanoma usually shows up as a spot or mole larger than 6mm, uneven in color, changing shape, with irregular borders.

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Basal Cell Cancer

Common skin cancer often found on the face, neck, and head, caused by UV light exposure, and usually slow-growing.

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Squamous Cell Cancer

Skin cancer appearing as red, scaly, thickened, or crusted areas, especially on sun-exposed areas, often bleeds when scratched.

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Pneumonia Pathogenesis

Pneumonia occurs when an organism enters the lungs causing mucus buildup in the airways, inflammation of the alveoli and surrounding areas.

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Asthma Triggers

Asthma attacks can be caused by hypersensitivity to allergens, weather changes, or intense exercise.

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Pneumothorax Cause

Pneumothorax happens when there's a loss of negative intrapleural pressure, causing a lung collapse, which can be related to air or blood in the pleural space.

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OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea)

Breathing stops briefly during sleep due to the obstruction of the upper airway. Common in obese individuals with anatomical issues; marked by snoring, choking.

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Asthma Symptoms

Asthma symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, chest tightness, and decreased oxygen levels.

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Pneumonia Diagnosis

A pneumonia diagnosis often involves a physical exam, blood tests, cultures, X-rays, and possibly bronchoscopy.

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Pneumothorax Diagnosis

Diagnosing a pneumothorax might involve chest X-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, and blood gas analysis.

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OSA Symptoms

OSA symptoms include loud snoring, choking during sleep, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive impairment.

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Pneumonia Complications

Severe pneumonia can lead to conditions like sepsis, respiratory failure, and other serious organ issues, especially in vulnerable people.

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Study Notes

Multiple Myeloma

  • Malignant plasma cells rapidly grow in bone marrow
  • Bone lesions throughout the skeletal system
  • B lymphocytes are neoplastic
  • Risk factors include: men, African Americans, exposure to chemicals, Agent Orange, radiation, genetics

Tension Headaches

  • Most common type of headache
  • Can be caused by stress

Cluster Headaches

  • Unknown cause
  • Triggered by alcohol, stress, allergies, weather changes
  • Low serotonin in the brain, causing blood vessel constriction and dilation

Migraine Headaches

  • Neurogenic process with secondary cerebral perfusion changes
  • Risk factors include: women (75%), stress, hormones, smoking, weather, food additives, caffeine, excessive fatigue
  • Symptoms include: visual scintillations, auras, paresthesia

Infants/Toddlers

  • Risk factors include: environmental risks, shaken baby syndrome, sports/bicycle accidents, new drivers
  • Related issues: domestic violence/abuse, loss of consciousness, memory problems, headache/fatigue, blurred vision, vomiting

Adults/Older Adults

  • Risk factors include: MVCs, impaired mobility, limited cognition, domestic violence/abuse
  • Related issues: loss of consciousness, memory problems, headache/fatigue, blurred vision, vomiting

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Description

Explore various headache types including tension, cluster, and migraines, along with their symptoms and risk factors. Additionally, learn about multiple myeloma, a malignant condition affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow. Understand the connections between these health issues and associated risk factors.

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