Patho Test 1 Study Guide PDF

Module 2 Disease TBI *see mod 8 Multiple myeloma Tension headaches Cluster Migraine headaches headaches Patho External forces are Ra...

Module 2 Disease TBI *see mod 8 Multiple myeloma Tension headaches Cluster Migraine headaches headaches Patho External forces are Rapid growth of malignant Most common Idk Neurogenic process with transferred directly plasma cells in bone marrow secondary changes in cerebral or indirectly to brain and osteolytic bone lesions perfusion throughout skeletal system Etiology MVC, violence, B lymphocytes are stress Alcohol, stress, Low serotonin lvls in brain falling, increased neoplastic allergy, weather cause constriction and dilation alcohol changes of blood vessels consumption, caregivers to infants/elderly Risks infants/toddlersB Men, african americans, Women 75%, stress, environmental risks, exposure to chemicals, hormones, smoking, weather, shaken baby agent orange, radiation, food additives, caffeine, children/teens genetics alcohol, excessive fatigue sports/bicycles, new drivers adults/older adults MVC, impaired mobility, limited cognition, domestic violence/abuse CM Loss of Severe pain in bones, Dull, aching, gradual in Severe, aura scotomas, visual consciousness, hypercalcemia, recurrent onset, “bandlike” unilateral, scintillations, paresthesia memory problems, infection, weight loss, sensation, pain is periorbital pain headache/fatigue, fatigue, renal insufficiency bifrontal or in early morning blurred vision, vomit occipitofrontal or during sleep, sharp, stabbing, unilateral with  radiation to jaw, cheek, occipital region, or neck Tearing of eyes, conjunctival injection, rhinorrhea, eyelid edema, ptosis, miosis D(x) Glasgow Scale, CT, Bone marrow biopsy, x ray MRI Progression Inc. ICP Bone destruction, bone marrow failure, renal failure, neuro complications Comp: Spinal cord compression Treatment Neuromuscular Steroids, chemo, stem cell Non Opioid meds Non Opioid or Serotonin receptor agonists - stabilization, transplants (ibuprofen, weak opioid sumatriptan (imitrex) anti-inflammatory acetaminophen) meds meds, decreasing ICP Vitiligo Albinism Melasma Cellulitis Abnormal production of melanin Genetic disorder Chloasma Spread through direct contact Onset before 20 Either no melanocytes or Dark macules on face Risks: recent hospitalization, Unknown cause: hereditary, melanocytes don’t work d/t preg, sun damage invasive medical device, contact autoimmune Skin, hair, eyes lack color Overproduction of melanin, sports, sharing personal items Discolored patches photosensitivity hormonal, will get worse Red, swollen, painful, warm to No cure, topical steroid touch bump full of pus/other drainage Get a culture Antibiotics, ointment, dressing change, debridement, pt teaching Pressure ulcers Psoriasis Eczema Shingles Bony prominences T cell mediated autoimmune Hypersensitivity triggered by Common viral infection of the Decrease blood flow to skin response to antigen, chronic allergies or environment nerves Blisters and skin breaks down thickening of epidermis Dry, lichenified lesions Painful rash or small blisters and tissue ulceration Silver white scales covering red, Elbow, hands, neck, feet, reactivated chicken pox, Stage 1, 2, 3, 4, unstageable circumscribed, thickened eyelids, ears common in people with a weak Prevention!!! dressing/wound plaques (hyperplasia) Allergen control, topical steroid care, topical cream, Elbows, knees, scalp, auspitz creams, immune modulation immune system and +50 yr antibiotics/fungals, surgical Colder climates, increases with meds skin sensitivity, tingling, intervention, wound vacuum, age “infants have vesicles that ooze” itching, or pain, followed by a hyperbaric chamber Topical agents, steroids, dermatome rash that looks like emollients (soften/hydrate) small, red spots that turn into blisters Pattern baldness Alopecia Paronychia Onychomycosis Any age, genetics male Sudden loss in one area of scalp Inflammation of paronychial fold, Fungal infect of proximal and hormones Hair loss in clumps, size of a finger/toe nails lateral finger/toe nail folds Male: loss on front, sides, crown quarter Bacterial or fungal Discoloration of head Determine reason: chemo, stress Pain, redness, swelling Hard to treat Women: thinning over whole head Risk reduction! Avoid closed toe shoes all the time, leather shoes, avoid wet feet, avoid trauma and unsanitary nail care practices, don’t stop treatment until recovery is complete  Skin cancer African americans, asians, hispanics susceptible to melanoma, Asians less susceptible asian americans and african americans present with more advanced disease at dx ABCDE (>6mm) Basal Cell Squamous Cell Melanoma Most common Upper portion of dermis, more Malignant degeneration of Basal cells of the face (nose), aggressive melanocytes located in basal neck and head Commonly sun exposed areas: layer or in a nevus (70%), Lethal Exposure to UV face, ears, neck, lips, back of Spread vertically → metastasis Slow growing hands, mouth/tongue Spreads through lymphatic and Not painful or itchy Red, scaly, patch like, thickened vascular and CNS Not likely to spread; cut out/chem wart like, crust over, bleeds when Burns easily, tans poorly, 50-100 scratched nevi, red/blonde hair with Cut out/chem blue/green eyes, hx of sunburns/tanning beds, 50+ dark/blue/varied color, >6mm, elevated, ankle, back, legs, arm, face, back of knee Local ablation, surgical recession, lymphadenectomy, chemo, radiation Disease Pneumonia Asthma Pneumothorax OSA Patho Organism enters the lungs and Immune response overreacts to A loss of negative intrapleural Sleep related breathing mucous consolidates in the lower pathogen and constricts pressure resulting in a disorder where upper airway airway bronchioles, activates T Cells in full/partial collapse of the lung becomes obstructed and Inflammation occurs in the alveoli, the inflammatory response, and Hemo = blood breathing stops for a moment alveolar ducts, and space around increases size and quantity of Tension: Air enters the pleural alveolar walls goblet cells space but is unable to escape Etiology Community, ventilator, hospital Hypersensitivity to allergens, Collection of air in the pleural Back of throat muscles relax, weather, exercise (triggers) space anatomical alterations in causes spastic activity in obese individuals bronchioles Risks Poor dental hygiene, NG, age, Sensitivity to environment, Smoking, tall thin frame,h(x) Men (2:1), mallampati score 3 debilitation, decreased LOC, increased triggers lung disease,pregnancy, or 4, short thick neck, large impaired gag rflx, immobility, genetics, chest traumas tonsil/tongue, recessed chin, smoking, close living quarters, low hanging soft palate, comorbidities overbite, deviated septum med conditions that cause congestion; allergies CM Fever, sputum, dullness on Wheezing, dyspnea, cough, tachypnea/carida, resp Loud snoring followed by percussion, adventitious lung chest tightness, prolonged distress/failure, asymmetrical choking/gasping, daytime sounds, tactile fremitus, tachypnea, exhalations, decreased O2 sat, chest wall movement, rigidity drowsiness, insomnia, decreased breath sounds, tachypnea, night time cough on affected side, restless sleep, morning accessory organ use Extreme: accessory muscle use, decreased/absent breath headache, dry/sore throat, Orthopnea, myalgia, distant/diminished breath sounds, fremitus on affected mental tiredness, lymphadenopathy sounds, diaphoresis side irritability/moodiness, nocturia Tension: more cardiac symptoms, JVD, pallor, anxiety, tracheal deviation, weak rapid pulse, hypoTN, tachypnea, cyanosis, decreased CO, chest pain,  cardiac arrest D(x) Cbc, blood culture, abg, sputum Impaired gas exchange, Abgs, chest xray, ultrasound, Polysomnogram: 5+ culture, gram stain, rapid antigen ineffective breathing ct scan (id size and location) episodes/hr testing pattern/airway clearance, Apnea/hypopnea index: Chest xray, bronchoscopy activity intolerance, fatigue, Mild 5-15 anxiety, knowledge deficit Moderate 15-30 Severe 30+ Progression hypoxia, septic shock, resp failure, Remodeling and inflammatory 30% chance of recurrence, Hypertension, daytime endocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, changes develop in bronchioles MI, cardiopulmonary sleepiness, lung abscess, pleural effusion after every attack impairment, death inc. CVA and CVD risk May acclimate to triggers Inc. risk of surgery Death, brain dies 6 min w/o O2 complications Inc. risk of accidents Treatment Protect airway, increase sitting Bronchodilators, Depends on size/loc/pt CPAP machine, oral position to high/semi fowlers, corticosteroids (iv/po), epi, condition, chest tube, appliances, side lying with provide o2, mechanical ventilation, patient education, maintenance thoracotomy (tension), CPR if elevated HOB sleeping, stop A x 3, antitussive, bronchodilators, drugs/therapies/inhaled steroids needed smoking, avoid alcohol 4-6 steroids, NPO, activity as tolerated Teaching: no scuba diving, hrs before sleeping flying on planes Teaching: cpap adherence, reduce throat dryness, weight management, no sedatives  COPD Airflow limitation that is progressive, unpreventable, irreversible hypertrophy/plasa of goblet cells, metaplasia Chronic leukocytic and lymphocytic infiltration → decreased surface area of alveolar gas exchange, hypoxic drive, prolonged exhalation phase Etiology: tobacco (80-90%), occupational exposure to dust/chemical, pollution, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency Risks: second hand smoke, anything that affected lung growth as a kid, aging (40+), airway hyperreactivity, alcohol consumption Diagnostics: ABG, sputum, CBC; chest x ray, CT scan; PFTS Chest x ray: decreased lung markings, hyperinflation PFTS: ⇧residual volume ⇧total lung capacity ⇩vital capacity ⇩forced expiratory flow >80% mild; 50-79% moderate; 30-49% severe;