Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the location of the scalp?
Which of the following best describes the location of the scalp?
- The soft tissue beneath the cranial cavity.
- The soft tissue covering the facial bones.
- The soft tissue overlying the skull vault. (correct)
- The soft tissue surrounding the neck muscles.
The anterior extent of the scalp is marked by which anatomical feature?
The anterior extent of the scalp is marked by which anatomical feature?
- Highest nuchal line
- Supraorbital margin (correct)
- Superior temporal line
- External occipital crest
What is the posterior border of the scalp?
What is the posterior border of the scalp?
- Zygomatic arch
- Superior temporal line
- Highest nuchal line (correct)
- Infraorbital foramen
How many distinct layers compose the structure of the scalp?
How many distinct layers compose the structure of the scalp?
In the mnemonic 'SCALP' for the layers of the scalp, what does the letter 'C' represent?
In the mnemonic 'SCALP' for the layers of the scalp, what does the letter 'C' represent?
Which characteristic is associated with the skin layer of the scalp?
Which characteristic is associated with the skin layer of the scalp?
Why does the connective tissue layer of the scalp contribute to profuse bleeding when wounded?
Why does the connective tissue layer of the scalp contribute to profuse bleeding when wounded?
The aponeurosis layer of the scalp is primarily associated with which muscle?
The aponeurosis layer of the scalp is primarily associated with which muscle?
What characteristic is associated with the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp?
What characteristic is associated with the loose areolar tissue layer of the scalp?
Bleeding in the loose areolar tissue layer can result in 'black eye' because this layer is continuous with which structure?
Bleeding in the loose areolar tissue layer can result in 'black eye' because this layer is continuous with which structure?
What is a key characteristic unique to the pericranium layer of the scalp?
What is a key characteristic unique to the pericranium layer of the scalp?
An infection in the connective tissue layer of the scalp remains localized due to which structural component?
An infection in the connective tissue layer of the scalp remains localized due to which structural component?
Which action is performed by the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Which action is performed by the occipitofrontalis muscle?
What separates the two occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
What separates the two occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
The occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle is innervated by which branch of the facial nerve?
The occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle is innervated by which branch of the facial nerve?
What action results from tightening the aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
What action results from tightening the aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
From which artery does the supra-trochlear artery arise?
From which artery does the supra-trochlear artery arise?
Which area does the supraorbital artery supply?
Which area does the supraorbital artery supply?
Which of the following arteries ascends in front of the auricle to supply the scalp?
Which of the following arteries ascends in front of the auricle to supply the scalp?
Which artery is known to supply the scalp behind the auricle?
Which artery is known to supply the scalp behind the auricle?
Generally, how many arteries supply each side of the scalp?
Generally, how many arteries supply each side of the scalp?
The occipital artery arises from which major artery?
The occipital artery arises from which major artery?
Why do even small cuts to the scalp bleed profusely?
Why do even small cuts to the scalp bleed profusely?
Which arteries supplying the scalp arise from the internal carotid artery?
Which arteries supplying the scalp arise from the internal carotid artery?
What is the primary role of the loose areolar tissue layer in the scalp's structure?
What is the primary role of the loose areolar tissue layer in the scalp's structure?
The posterior border of the aponeurosis layer is connected with?
The posterior border of the aponeurosis layer is connected with?
What is the insertion of the frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
What is the insertion of the frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
What is the origin of the occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
What is the origin of the occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Which arteries pass through the orbit to supply the forehead and scalp?
Which arteries pass through the orbit to supply the forehead and scalp?
Which of the following explains how blood can reach the eyelids after an injury to the scalp?
Which of the following explains how blood can reach the eyelids after an injury to the scalp?
Which of the following best describes the extent of the occipital artery's supply to the scalp?
Which of the following best describes the extent of the occipital artery's supply to the scalp?
Which listed feature is a component that is commonly affiliated with the skin of the scalp?
Which listed feature is a component that is commonly affiliated with the skin of the scalp?
If there is bleeding below the pericranium this typically leads to?
If there is bleeding below the pericranium this typically leads to?
A patient presents with the inability to wrinkle their forehead. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A patient presents with the inability to wrinkle their forehead. Which nerve is most likely affected?
What is the function of the fibrous septa within the connective tissue layer of the scalp?
What is the function of the fibrous septa within the connective tissue layer of the scalp?
Which layer of the scalp contains fat lobules?
Which layer of the scalp contains fat lobules?
Which layer of the scalp is also known as the galea aponeurotica?
Which layer of the scalp is also known as the galea aponeurotica?
Flashcards
What is the Scalp?
What is the Scalp?
The soft tissue overlying the skull vault.
Extent of the scalp
Extent of the scalp
Supraorbital margin, superior temporal line, and highest nuchal line.
Layers of the scalp
Layers of the scalp
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose areolar tissue, Pericranium.
Skin layer of the scalp
Skin layer of the scalp
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Connective tissue layer
Connective tissue layer
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Clinical significance of the connective tissues
Clinical significance of the connective tissues
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Aponeurosis layer
Aponeurosis layer
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Loose areolar tissue layer
Loose areolar tissue layer
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Clinical importance of loose areolar tissue
Clinical importance of loose areolar tissue
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Pericranium layer
Pericranium layer
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Clinical importance of pericranium
Clinical importance of pericranium
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Origin and insertion of the frontal belly
Origin and insertion of the frontal belly
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Origin and insertion of the occipital belly
Origin and insertion of the occipital belly
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Nerve supply of occipitofrontalis
Nerve supply of occipitofrontalis
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Action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
Action of the occipitofrontalis muscle
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Arterial Supply
Arterial Supply
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Arterial entry
Arterial entry
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Origin of the supra-trochlear artery
Origin of the supra-trochlear artery
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Origin of the supraorbital artery
Origin of the supraorbital artery
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Origin of the superficial temporal artery
Origin of the superficial temporal artery
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Origin of the posterior auricular artery
Origin of the posterior auricular artery
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Origin of the occipital artery
Origin of the occipital artery
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Study Notes
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The Scalp
- Soft tissue overlying the skull vault
Extent of the Scalp
- Supraorbital margin (anterior)
- Superior temporal line (lateral)
- Highest nuchal line (posterior)
Layers of the Scalp
- There are five layers
- The first three layers are intimately bound together and move as a single unit.
- S: Skin
- C: Connective tissue
- A: Aponeurosis
- L: Loose areolar tissue
- P: Pericranium
Skin
- The skin is thick and hairy.
- It also contains sebaceous glands.
Connective Tissue
- Strong fibrous septa divide the layer into partitions.
- Partitions contain lobules of fats, blood vessels, and nerves of the scalp.
- Infection tends to remain localized because it cannot spread outside the septa.
- A small wound causes profuse bleeding due to the adherence of the connective tissue septa to the artery walls, preventing contraction.
Aponeurosis
- Aponeurosis is from the occipitofrontalis muscle.
- Frontal bellies(anterior)
- Superior Temporal line(lateral)
- Occipital bellies( posterior)
Loose Areolar Tissue
- Allows mobility of the first 3 layer on the underlying periosteum.
- Continuous anteriorly with the eyelids.
- Accumulation of blood or pus in this layer spreads below the aponeurosis anteriorly only.
- Occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis attach to the occipital bone
- Frontal bellies are not attached to bone; blood can reach the eyelids, resulting in "black eye".
Pericranium
- Loosely attached to the bones
- Firmly attached to the sutures
- Bleeding below this layer leads to blood collection (hematoma) taking the shape of the underlying skull bone.
Muscles of the Scalp
- Orbicularis oculi
- Zygomaticus
- Buccinator
- Orbicularis oris
- Platysma
- Epicranius frontalis
- Epicranius Occipitalis
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius
- Splenius capitis
Occipitofrontalis Muscle
- Frontal Belly
- Origin: from the anterior border of the epicranial aponeurosis
- Insertion: into the skin of the forehead.
- Nerve supply: temporal branch of the facial nerve
- elevates eyebrows
- Occipital Belly
- Origin: highest nuchal lines (1cm above superior nuchal line)
- Insertion: the posterior border of the epicranial aponeurosis.
- Nerve supply: auricular branch of the facial nerve
- Action: tighten the aponeurosis
Arteries of the Scalp
- Rich supply of blood.
- The smallest cut bleeds profusely.
- 10 arteries (5 on each side) enter the scalp from its periphery to its center, forming an anastomosis.
- 5 arteries on each side (3 in front of the auricle and 2 behind it).
Supra-trochlear Artery (S.T)
- A branch from the ophthalmic artery
- Ophthalmic artery (branch from the internal carotid artery).
- It leaves the orbit medial to the supraorbital artery, supplying the forehead and scalp.
Supraorbital Artery (S.O)
- A branch from the ophthalmic artery.
- Leaves the orbit, and supplies forehead and scalp as far as the lambdoid suture.
Superficial Temporal Artery
- Arises within the parotid gland as one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery.
- Ascends to the scalp in front of the auricle.
- Ends by dividing into frontal and parietal branches.
Posterior Auricular Artery
- It arises from the back of the external carotid artery.
- Supplies the scalp behind the auricle.
Occipital Artery
- Arises from the back of the external carotid artery.
- It supplies the back of the scalp.
Formative assessment questions!
- The innervation of the occipital part of the occipitofrontalis is the posterior auricular branch
- The insertion of the occipital part of the occipitofrontalis is the epicranial aponeurosis.
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