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• The following notes are about medical terminology relating to radiologic technology.

Medical Terminology:

• Bursa: Small fluid-filled sac situated in tissues, where friction would otherwise occur, which facilitates muscles or tendons gliding over body or ligamentous surfaces.
• Nares: Plural of naris, known as nostrils and are the external openings of the nasal activity.
• Flatus: Gas or air in the gastrointestinal (GIT) tract which is expelled through the anus.
• Borborygmi: Rumbling noise caused by gas moving through the intestines indicating hunger.
• Gurney: Wheeled cot used in hospitals to transport patients.
• Kyphosis: Extreme curvature of the upper back also known as hunchback.
• Xeroderma: Excessive skin dryness and mild form of itchyosis.
• Etiology: Science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation.
• Hemoptysis: Coughing of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or airway.
• Pterygium: Wing-like structure and abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, often caused by UV radiation.
• Exopthalmia: Protrusion of one or both eyeballs which is a sign of hyperthyroidism.
• Intussusception: The endfolding of a segment of the intestine within another.
• Hypopnea: Abnormal decrease in depth and rate of respiration which can occur during sleep apnea events when the body stops breathing and the brain tells it to wake up to resume breathing.
• Xylocaine: Trademark for preparations of lidocaine, a topical anaesthetic.
• Choledocholithiasis: Presence of calcili in the common bile duct.
• Lithotripsy: High energy shock waves fragment and disintegrate kidney stones and other hardened masses.
• Syncope: Loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished cerebral blood flow.
• Nephroptosis: Downward displacement of a kidney, which can be surgically treated to reposition it through nephropexy.
• Coelom: Fluid cavity within the body of most multicellular animals, also known as the body cavity, and cushions for internal organs (protective).
• Morgue: Place where bodies of dead people are kept until identified or claimed.
• Acne: Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin marked by eruption of pimples or pustules, especially on the face.
• Iatrogenic: Condition induced unintentionally in a patient by a physician usually related to an infection or other complication of treatment.
• Disease: Anything that is abnormal.
• Pathology: Study of diseases also known as pathobiology.
• Pathogenesis: Cellular level manifestation or development of a disease or morbid condition.
• Diagnosis: Identification of a disease from its symptoms and associated opinion derived from evaluation.
• Differential Diagnosis: A systematic method of diagnosing a disorder that lacks unique symptoms or signs.
• Acute: Short duration but the cause is severe, also can be extremely sharp or severe but treatable.
• Chronic: Lasting for a long period of time (disease) and cannot be treated but can may be managed.
• Sequelae: An acute disease that has a long-term effect.
• Remission: Temporary/short term or long term of signs or symptoms but not sure if the disease is treatable
• Signs: Objective manifestation that can be observed by others and is measurable (e.g. heartrate)
• Symptoms: Subjective manifestation that can observed by patients (e.g. pain, fatigue, and nausea)
• Syndrome: Group of signs and symptoms of a certain disease such as Down Syndrome.
• Neoplastic: Process which leads to malignant disease/cancer and is caused by uncontrollable replication/cell division.
• Subtractive: Condition that is associated a lower exposure factor.
• Nosocomial: That which relates to hospital acquired disease.
• Prognosis: Prognosis of probable cause or outcome of a disorder.
• Congenital: Birth defect that can be inherited or caused by environmental factors, may include teratogens which can affect the fetus and are the responsibility of the mother.
• Ibuprofen: Can cause "bare-lip" as a medication that relieves fever, pain, and inflammation (e.g. Advil).
• High Intake of Alcohol: Relates to fetal alcohol syndrome (elongated face, white skin).
• Measles: Can cause blindness and deafness to a child (tigdas).
• Audiometry Test: Test to check ability to hear sounds.
• PKU (Phenylketonuria): Inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of phenylalanine, which can cause abnormalities to child.
• Hereditary: Any disease caused by an abnormality in an individual's genome, and is congenital.
• HGP (Human Genome Project): Haploid (helps in identifying gene markers).
• Gene Markers: Gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.
• Inflammatory: Acts as a defense against pathogens and can be local or systemic.
• Traumatic: Mental illness are caused by traumatic experiences or significant stress and can be mechanical, chemical, pathological or by accidents, or radiation.
• Metabolic: Diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism and the process of converting to energy on a cellular level.
• Degenerative: Result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, that affects tissues or organs which deteriorate over time.
• Dermatology: Branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.
• Orthopedics: Branch of medicine dealing with heart disorders and some parts of the circulatory system.
• Hematology: Study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.
• Immunology: Branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms and counters attach pathogens.
• Pulmonology: Medical specialty dealing with diseases involving the respiratory tract.
• Gastroenterology: Branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders.
• Urology: Genitourinary surgery that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female urinary tract and reproductive system.
• Nephrology: Specialist field of ​​medicine and pediatrics that concerns ​​the kidney.
• Neurology: Branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.
• Endocrinology: Branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.
• Ophthalmology: Branch of medicine and surgery that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.
• Otorhinolaryngology: Surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with conditions of the ears, nose, and throat, and related structures of the head and neck.
• Radiology: medical specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases within the human body.
• Specialization: Includes pediatrics, chiropractic, neonatologist, dentistry.
• Allied Health: Includes radiologic technology, respiratory therapy, medical technology, pharmacy, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, midwifery, dentistry, optometry.
• -alysis: Analysis of a specific structure (urinalyis - analysis of urine).
• -assay: Assessment; evaluation; test of measure.
• -centesis: Puncture to collect something (e.g. thoracentesis - removes fluid from the pleural space or the area between the lungs and chest wall).
• -electro: Electricity.
• -sono: Sound.
• -ultra son/o: High frequency.
• Arterial blood gas (ABG): Measurement of the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide that a person has.
• Aspiration: Aspirate sample of CSF, amniotic fluid using syringe (protects fetus).
• Auscultation: Act of listening to the sound from the heart, lungs or the organs, with a stethoscope, as part of medical diagnostic process.
• Barium swallow/barium test: Using a contrast material to image the GIT tract.
• BS: Examination of the upper GIT.
• BE: Examination of the lower GIT.
• Cardiac stress test: Checks for heart fracture done more on running on a treadmill.
• Conization: Taking a sample of the cervix to check for possible cancer cells or to see how far the tumor has gone, or as a confirmation after a papsmear.
• Catheterization/Angiography: Medical imaging that uses X-rays to create pictures of blood vessels and organs, also known as arteriography.
• Digital Rectal Examination: Used for males to detect prostate cancer.
• Doppler UTZ (ultrasound): Color to identifies veins and arteries (see blood flow direction of the umbilical cord (AVA) for higher supply of blood to the baby.
• Evoked responses: Test memory, touch responses, and special senses.
• Brainstem auditory evoked response test (BAER): Used to diagnose nervous-system abnormalities, hearing losses, and to assess neurologic functions by focusing on changes and responses in brain waves, commonly used for newborns.
• Fecal occult blood test: Checks the color of blood on the stool for gastric bleeding (dark) or hemorrhoidal bleeding.
• Fundoscopy: Evaluation of the eyeball, also known as opthalmoscopy.
• Holter Monitor: Battery-operated portable device that measures and records heart's activity continuously for 24 to 48 hours attached.
• Ishihara Color System: Evaluation of the eye containing many colored plates to test vision defects.
• Jaeger Reading Card: Measures visual activity/near vision and reading up close.
• KUB (Kidneys, Ureter, and Bladder): Xray exam/procedure to diagnose and assess the urinary system.
• Laparoscopy: Examination of the organs inside the abdomen.
• Lumbar puncture: Collects cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic testing and cushions for brain and spinal cord from injury.
• -stomy: Incision where a part of organ put out in the opening (e.g. colostomy).
• -tom/o: Slice/layer (e.g. phlebotomy = draw blood from patient).
• -tripsy: Breaking/crushing (e.g. neurotripsy: surgical crushing of a nerve).
• -rrhapy: Suture (e.g. tenorrhaphy: surgical joining of a severed tendon with a suture).
• -plasty: Surgical correction (e.g. abdominoplasty - tummy tack).
• Amputation: Cutting of extremities.
• Stump: Basal portion of a bodily part/limb remaining after the rest is removed.
• Ablation: Process to destroy the function of abnormal tissue.
• Cardiac ablation: Catheter or probe is inserted into the body to deliver treatment to stop/prevent irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias.
• Anastomosis: Putting together 2 tubular structures in cases where part of an intestine is surgically removed and the remaining ends are sewn or stapled together (anastomosed).
• Arthrodesis: Surgical procedure, also known as joint fusion, that fuses two or more bones in a joint together.
• Autograft: tissue transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual.
• Automated external defibrillator: Helps those experiencing sudden cardiac arrest by automatically defibrillating.
• Bariatic surgery: Surgery for obese patients to lessen the size of the stomach or small intestine.
• Bone mineral density: Checks the calcium component of bone, also known as DEXA (dual energyt xray absorptry).
• Brace: Used to strengthen a structure.
• Cannula: Used to place an artificial connection between 2 structures.
• Circumcision: Surgical procedure done for hygiene purposes.
• Colpopexy: Used to fix a prolapsed uterus by putting it up and attaching it to the wall of the vagina.
• Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Removes wastes, chemicals, and extra fluid from your body using "dialysate” - liquid, which is put into your abdomen through a catheter.
• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft/Grafting: Heart is blocked and bypass graft is used to lessen traffic due to fats using another bypass artery to get from lower extremities.
• Cryosurgery: Use of liquid nitrogen so that pathological tissues will be frozen and due for debridement.
• Debridement: Removal of dead tissues/foreign objects after getting burned.
• Dialysis: Process of treatment that filters and purifies the blood to help keep fluids and electrolytes in balance when the kidneys are not functional.
• Episiotomy: Cuts apart of the perineum so that women will deliver the baby normally.
• Excision: Surgical removal.
• Extracorpuscular Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Generates a shock wave to treat stones in the kidney.
• Fistulectomy: Abnormal communication between 2 tubular structures which can be a result of an injury or surgery, and treatment involves the removal of the fistula itself.
• Forceps extraction: Pulling the baby with a force when there is a difficulty in delivering.
• Gingivectomy: Removal of the gums.
• Heart transplant: Replaces the heart to be filtered by dialysis machine because the kindey is no longer functional.
• Heterograft/xenograft: Material/substance from a non-human, such as with a pig heart.
• Homograft/allograft: Collected from same donor like with skin grafts.
• Liposuction: removal of fats.
• Lobectomy: process to remove one lobe of the lung.
• Otography: scientific study of the ear.