4BE3 U5 C1 Obj 1 EMH
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EASY What is the purpose of the tightening nut in a hand hacksaw?

  • To apply tension to the blade (correct)
  • To adjust the length of the frame
  • To provide extra grip on the handle
  • To hold the blade in place

    • What type of metals can a hand hacksaw cut, except for?

  • Copper alloys
  • Titanium alloys
  • Aluminum alloys
  • Hardened steels (correct)

    • What is the main advantage of using molybdenum blades in a hand hacksaw?

  • They are suitable for cutting thick metal stock
  • They are flexible and minimize breakage
  • They are inexpensive and easy to replace
  • They are hard, long wearing, and straight cutting (correct)

    • When storing a hand hacksaw, what should be done to the blade?

    <p>Release the tension on the blade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to hold the workpiece when cutting with a hand hacksaw?

    <p>Hold the workpiece firmly in a vise, a little below the height of the elbows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the grip in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>To provide a comfortable hold for the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a new blade be used in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>When the old blade is showing signs of wear and tear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to apply pressure when commencing a cut with a hand hacksaw?

    <p>Apply light pressure and slow short strokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended stroke speed when using a saw blade?

    <p>40 strokes per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the 'set' of the teeth on a saw blade as it is used?

    <p>It becomes worn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should a new saw blade not be used to continue a cut started by an old blade?

    <p>The new blade may jam and break</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a file in mechanical work?

    <p>To cut and smooth surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layout of a file's teeth?

    <p>The cut of the file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the handle on a file?

    <p>To protect the hand from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When filing soft metals, such as aluminum or lead, what is the recommended technique?

    <p>Apply pressure on both the forward and return strokes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when small particles of metal become clogged in the teeth of a file and scratch the metal being filed?

    <p>Pinning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to hold a file?

    <p>Hold the handle with the right hand and the other end with the left hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a new file be used?

    <p>When the old file is dull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common reason for a file not cutting properly?

    <p>Applying too much pressure to the file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a hammer with a rounded face?

    <p>It concentrates the force in the centre and prevents marks on the work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a cape chisel?

    <p>To cut keyways, channels, and slots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you dip a chisel in water while grinding?

    <p>To prevent overheating and remove the hardness from the cutting edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a soft-faced hammer?

    <p>To work on finished surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended angle for the cutting edge of a chisel?

    <p>60° to 70°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid doing when using a screwdriver?

    <p>Prying, scraping, or hammering on the handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a torque wrench?

    <p>To apply a specific amount of torque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you wear when using or grinding chisels?

    <p>Goggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a pipe wrench?

    <p>To grip and turn round stock or pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you grip a chisel?

    <p>With all four fingers encircling the chisel and the little finger guiding it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a ball peen hammer?

    <p>To strike and shape metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hammer is used for peening and heading rivets?

    <p>Hard-faced hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to a worn-out screwdriver tip?

    <p>Regrind it to the correct size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you check before using a hammer?

    <p>The tightness of the handle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the face of a ball peen hammer?

    <p>To strike and shape metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wrench is used to turn special or specific devices?

    <p>Spanner wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid when cutting with a chisel?

    <p>Cutting from the end of the metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an adjustable wrench?

    <p>To turn nuts and bolts of various sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid using a pipe wrench for?

    <p>Tightening or loosening good nuts and bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an adjustable open end wrench?

    <p>To tighten or loosen any size of nut, bolt, or pipe plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to use an adjustable wrench?

    <p>Apply the turning force to the fixed jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a ratchet drive in a socket wrench?

    <p>It speeds up the work because the socket does not need to be removed from the nut or bolt after each turn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a torque wrench?

    <p>To apply a specified turning force to fasteners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a socket wrench extension?

    <p>To increase the length of the socket wrench drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wrench is used to work on burners, adjust seal plates, and turn equipment shafts?

    <p>Spanner wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem that can occur when using an adjustable wrench with loose fitting jaws?

    <p>The wrench will slip and round the corners of the nut or bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a universal joint in a socket wrench?

    <p>To make it possible to turn nuts or bolts where a straight wrench cannot be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using standard flexible blades in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>They minimize breakage due to their flexible back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a hand hacksaw be used?

    <p>In cramped areas where a vise cannot be used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the frame in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>To hold the blade in tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hacksaw blade is used for cutting through the toughest materials?

    <p>Tungsten blades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the teeth of the blade be pointed away from the handle when installing a new blade?

    <p>To prevent injury to the user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the blade when storing a hand hacksaw?

    <p>Release the tension on the blade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to hold the hand hacksaw when cutting?

    <p>One hand on the grip and the other at the top of the frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the workpiece when cutting with a hand hacksaw?

    <p>Hold it firmly in a vise, a little below the height of the elbows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the peen side of a hammer?

    <p>For peening (rounding over) and heading rivets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MEDIUM What happens when you grip a hammer too tightly?

    <p>You get more fatigue and loss of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of soft-faced hammers?

    <p>For work where a hard-faced hammer would not be suitable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid doing with a screwdriver?

    <p>Using it to scrape paint or mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wrench is used to turn special or specific devices?

    <p>Spanner wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a pipe wrench?

    <p>To turn pieces that are round, such as pipe and pipe fittings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to a worn-out screwdriver tip?

    <p>Regrind it to the correct size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a torque wrench?

    <p>To indicate the degree of torque being applied to the nut or bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hammer is used for peening and heading rivets?

    <p>Ball peen hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid when using a pipe wrench?

    <p>Using it to turn good nuts and bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a torque wrench?

    <p>To apply a specified amount of torque to fasteners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the extension in a socket wrench?

    <p>To increase the length of the socket wrench drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wrenches are used to work on burners, adjust seal plates, and turn equipment shafts?

    <p>Spanner wrenches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to apply force when using an adjustable wrench?

    <p>Apply force to the fixed jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the universal joint in a socket wrench?

    <p>To allow turning of nuts or bolts in confined spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common problem that can occur when using an adjustable wrench with loose fitting jaws?

    <p>The wrench may slip and round the corners of the nut or bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a ratchet drive in a socket wrench?

    <p>It speeds up the work by allowing continuous turning of the nut or bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when placing an adjustable wrench on a nut or bolt?

    <p>Tighten the knurled nut until the jaws make a snug fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to a file when it is not cutting properly?

    <p>It should be cleaned with a file card, pick, or brush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dipping a chisel in water while grinding?

    <p>To prevent overheating and remove the hardness from the cutting edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended angle for the cutting edge of a chisel?

    <p>60° to 70°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the handle of a hammer if it is loose?

    <p>It should be replaced with a new one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a ball peen hammer?

    <p>To strike chisels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you avoid cutting from the end of the metal when using a chisel?

    <p>It may cause a rough or badly twisted job</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to a chisel head if it mushrooms?

    <p>It should be ground flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to hold a chisel?

    <p>With a firm grip using all four fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the 'set' of the teeth on a saw blade as it is used?

    <p>It becomes worn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended technique when filing soft metals, such as aluminum or lead?

    <p>Apply pressure on the return stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be worn when using or grinding chisels?

    <p>Goggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a cape chisel?

    <p>To cut keyways and channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the layout of a file's teeth?

    <p>Cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the handle on a file?

    <p>To protect the hand from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when a cut cannot be completed with an old blade?

    <p>Use a new blade to continue the cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to hold a file?

    <p>Hold the handle with the thumb on top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when small particles of metal become clogged in the teeth of a file and scratch the metal being filed?

    <p>Pinning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the workpiece when filing?

    <p>Hold it firmly in the vise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended speed for filing?

    <p>About 30 to 40 strokes per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the file on the return stroke?

    <p>Lift it up a little</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended technique when filing soft metals, such as aluminum or lead?

    <p>Apply pressure on the return stroke as well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should a new saw blade not be used to continue a cut started by an old blade?

    <p>Because the new blade may jam and break</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the shape of a file?

    <p>The cross-sectional view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of lifting the file on the return stroke?

    <p>To prevent the file from becoming dull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended speed when filing?

    <p>About 30 to 40 strokes per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for when small particles of metal become clogged in the teeth of a file and scratch the metal being filed?

    <p>Pinning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the handle on a file?

    <p>To protect the hand from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to hold a file?

    <p>Holding the handle with the palm of the hand and the thumb on top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to select the correct file for the intended job?

    <p>To ensure efficient filing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended technique when filing round surfaces?

    <p>Using a rocking motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of grinding a chisel?

    <p>To sharpen the cutting edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended angle for the cutting edge of a chisel?

    <p>60° to 70°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HARD What should be avoided when cutting with a chisel?

    <p>Cutting from the end of the metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dipping a chisel in water while grinding?

    <p>To prevent overheating and remove the hardness from the cutting edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chisel is used to cut v-shaped grooves?

    <p>Diamond point chisel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a ball peen hammer?

    <p>To peen and shape rivets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to hold a chisel?

    <p>With the little finger guiding the chisel and the other fingers grasping it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended safety precaution when using or grinding chisels?

    <p>Wearing goggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hammer head in a ball peen hammer?

    <p>To peen and shape rivets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to store a chisel?

    <p>Hung up or wrapped separately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using tungsten blades in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>They are harder and longer wearing than molybdenum blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the tension on the blade of a hand hacksaw is not applied correctly?

    <p>The blade would make a crooked cut and is likely to break</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of holding the workpiece firmly in a vise when cutting with a hand hacksaw?

    <p>To prevent the workpiece from moving during the cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for using a hand hacksaw in cramped areas?

    <p>Because it can be used in areas where it is not possible to use a vise to support the workpiece</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the teeth of a hand hacksaw blade are pointed towards the handle?

    <p>The blade would be more prone to breakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using molybdenum blades in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>They are harder and longer wearing than standard flexible blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of releasing the tension on the blade of a hand hacksaw when storing?

    <p>To minimize breakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using standard flexible blades in a hand hacksaw?

    <p>They are suitable for general purpose cutting and have only the teeth hardened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the fixed jaw in an adjustable open end wrench?

    <p>To apply turning force on the nut or bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of pulling a wrench towards you when tightening?

    <p>It reduces the chance of injury if the wrench slips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the circular hole with notched sides in a socket?

    <p>To fit the nut or bolt head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wrench is used to apply a specified turning force on fasteners?

    <p>Torque wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a universal joint in a socket wrench?

    <p>To enable turning of nuts or bolts in confined spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an adjustable wrench has loose fitting jaws?

    <p>It slips and rounds the corners of the nut or bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a ratchet drive in a socket wrench?

    <p>It speeds up the work in confined spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wrench is used to work on burners, adjust seal plates, and turn equipment shafts?

    <p>Spanner wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using a machinist's hammer to drive nails?

    <p>Because it is not advisable to use a machinist's hammer for driving nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using a soft-faced hammer?

    <p>To work on finished surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid doing when using a screwdriver?

    <p>Using it to scrape paint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a pipe wrench?

    <p>To turn pipe and pipe fittings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the adjustable jaw on a pipe wrench?

    <p>To provide a tight grip on the pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a combination wrench?

    <p>It has both an open end and a box end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to a worn-out screwdriver tip?

    <p>Reground it to the correct size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a torque wrench?

    <p>To indicate the degree of torque being applied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a soft-faced hammer over a hard-faced hammer?

    <p>It is less likely to damage finished surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid when using a pipe wrench?

    <p>Using it to turn good nuts and bolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hand Tools

    • Hand tools are small, portable, and used for specific jobs.
    • Hand tools include:
      • Screwdrivers
      • Hacksaws
      • Files
      • Chisels
      • Hammers
      • Wrenches
    • Hand tools should be used correctly to avoid damage and injury.

    Hacksaws

    • A hand hacksaw is used to cut metal in cramped areas where a vise cannot be used.
    • The parts of a hand hacksaw include:
      • Frame
      • Grip
      • Blade
      • Tightening nut
    • Hacksaw blades are made of high-grade steel, hardened and tempered, with different types for cutting different materials.
    • When using a hacksaw:
      • Point the teeth of the blade away from the handle.
      • Fasten the blade to the hook at each end of the frame.
      • Apply tension to the blade by turning the tightening nut.
      • Release the tension on the blade when storing the hacksaw.

    Files

    • Files are used to cut and smooth surfaces by removing small amounts of material.
    • The parts of a file include:
      • Handle
      • Ferrule
      • Tang
      • Heel
      • Face
      • Edge
      • Point
    • The "cut" of a file refers to the layout of the file's teeth, with different cuts available (single, double, rasp, curved).
    • Files are categorized by shape (square, three square, flat, half round, pillar, round, knife, warding, mill).
    • To correctly hold a file:
      • Hold the handle against the palm of your hand, with your thumb on top.
      • Hold the other end in your other hand with your fingers curled under it.
      • Maintain a speed of about 30 to 40 cutting strokes per minute.

    Chisels

    • Chisels are used to cut metal and other materials.
    • The types of chisels include:
      • Cold chisel
      • Cape chisel
      • Round nose chisel
      • Diamond point chisel
    • The cutting angle of a chisel depends on the type of metal to be cut.
    • To work effectively, chisels must be kept sharp.
    • Safety checks:
      • Always wear goggles when using or grinding chisels.
      • Use a safety handle when possible.

    Hammers

    • The ball peen or machinist's hammer is the most commonly used hammer.
    • The parts of a hammer include:
      • Face
      • Peen
    • Hammers are designated by mass, with sizes ranging from 250 grams to 1 kilogram.
    • Safety checks:
      • Never use a hammer with a loose handle.
      • Hold the hammer correctly, with a firm grip but not too tightly.

    Screwdrivers

    • Screwdrivers are used to drive and remove screws or slot-headed bolts.
    • The types of screwdrivers include:
      • Regular
      • Phillips
      • Cross slot
      • Allen
      • Robertson
    • Screwdrivers can be damaged by prying, scraping, or hammering on the handle.
    • Safety checks:
      • Never try to tighten or loosen a screw while holding the workpiece.
      • Regrind the tip to the correct size and shape when worn out.

    Wrenches

    • Wrenches are used to tighten or loosen bolts, nuts, and pipe plugs.
    • The types of wrenches include:
      • Pipe wrenches
      • Combination wrenches
      • Adjustable wrenches
      • Open end wrenches
      • Socket wrenches
      • Torque wrenches
      • Spanners
    • Each type of wrench has its own specific uses and safety checks.
    • Safety checks:
      • Always use the correct wrench for the job.
      • Loosen the wrench slowly and carefully to avoid injury.
      • Use a wrench to pull towards you when tightening.

    Hand Tools

    • Hand tools are small and portable, used for specific jobs, e.g., screwdrivers should not be used as scrapers or pry-bars.
    • Examples of hand tools include:
      • Hacksaws
      • Pliers
      • Hammers

    Hacksaws

    • Hand hacksaw will cut all metals except hardened steels.
    • Parts of a hand hacksaw include:
      • Frame: keeps blade in tension, adjustable in length to accommodate different blade lengths.
      • Grip
      • Blade: made from thin high-grade steel, hardened and tempered.
      • Tightening Nut: applies tension to the blade.

    Hacksaw Blades

    • Made from a variety of metals and alloys.
    • Types of blades:
      • Fine teeth for thin metal stock.
      • Coarse teeth for thick stock.
      • Molybdenum blades: hard, long-wearing, straight cutting.
      • Tungsten blades: cut toughest materials, used on tool and die steel.
      • Standard flexible blades for general-purpose cutting.

    Using a Hacksaw

    • Point teeth of the blade away from the handle.
    • Fasten blade to hook at each end of the frame.
    • Apply tension to the blade by turning the tightening nut.
    • Release tension on the blade when storing the hacksaw.

    Files

    • Important tools in mechanical work, used to cut and smooth surfaces by removing small amounts of material.
    • Parts of a file include:
      • Handle
      • Ferrule
      • Tang
      • Heel
      • Face
      • Edge
      • Point

    File Cuts and Shapes

    • Cuts:
      • Single
      • Double
      • Rasp
      • Curved
    • Degrees of coarseness:
      • Rough
      • Coarse
      • Bastard
      • 2nd Cut
      • Smooth
      • Dead
    • Shapes:
      • Square
      • Three Square
      • Flat
      • Half Round
      • Pillar
      • Round
      • Knife
      • Warding
      • Mill

    Using a File

    • Hold the handle against the palm of your hand, thumb on top.
    • Hold the other end in your left hand with fingers curled under it.
    • Apply pressure on the forward stroke only.
    • Maintain about 30 to 40 cutting strokes per minute.

    Chisels

    • Simplest type of cutting tool.
    • Made from heat-treated steel.
    • Types of chisels:
      • Cold
      • Cape
      • Round nose
      • Diamond point
    • Cutting angle of a chisel: 60° to 70° for general-purpose work.

    Using a Chisel

    • Hold the chisel firmly but not too rigidly.
    • Use a safety handle if available.
    • Work towards the center of the work.
    • Use a 1 kg hammer.

    Hammers

    • Types of hammers:
      • Ball peen (machinist's hammer)
      • Sledge
    • Safety checks:
      • Never use a hammer with a loose handle.
      • Wear goggles when using or grinding chisels.

    Screwdrivers

    • Tools for driving and removing screws or slot-headed bolts.
    • Types of screwdrivers:
      • Regular
      • Phillips
      • Cross slot
      • Allen
      • Robertson
    • Safety checks:
      • Never try to tighten or loosen a screw while holding the workpiece.
      • Reground and dress the tip when worn out.

    Wrenches

    • Tools used to tighten or loosen bolts, nuts, and pipe plugs.
    • Types of wrenches:
      • Pipe wrenches
      • Combination wrenches
      • Adjustable (Crescent) wrenches
      • Open end wrenches
      • Socket wrenches
      • Torque wrenches
      • Spanners

    Hand Tools

    • Hand tools are small and portable, used for specific jobs, e.g., screwdrivers should not be used as scrapers or pry-bars.
    • Examples of hand tools include:
      • Hacksaws
      • Pliers
      • Hammers

    Hacksaws

    • Hand hacksaw will cut all metals except hardened steels.
    • Parts of a hand hacksaw include:
      • Frame: keeps blade in tension, adjustable in length to accommodate different blade lengths.
      • Grip
      • Blade: made from thin high-grade steel, hardened and tempered.
      • Tightening Nut: applies tension to the blade.

    Hacksaw Blades

    • Made from a variety of metals and alloys.
    • Types of blades:
      • Fine teeth for thin metal stock.
      • Coarse teeth for thick stock.
      • Molybdenum blades: hard, long-wearing, straight cutting.
      • Tungsten blades: cut toughest materials, used on tool and die steel.
      • Standard flexible blades for general-purpose cutting.

    Using a Hacksaw

    • Point teeth of the blade away from the handle.
    • Fasten blade to hook at each end of the frame.
    • Apply tension to the blade by turning the tightening nut.
    • Release tension on the blade when storing the hacksaw.

    Files

    • Important tools in mechanical work, used to cut and smooth surfaces by removing small amounts of material.
    • Parts of a file include:
      • Handle
      • Ferrule
      • Tang
      • Heel
      • Face
      • Edge
      • Point

    File Cuts and Shapes

    • Cuts:
      • Single
      • Double
      • Rasp
      • Curved
    • Degrees of coarseness:
      • Rough
      • Coarse
      • Bastard
      • 2nd Cut
      • Smooth
      • Dead
    • Shapes:
      • Square
      • Three Square
      • Flat
      • Half Round
      • Pillar
      • Round
      • Knife
      • Warding
      • Mill

    Using a File

    • Hold the handle against the palm of your hand, thumb on top.
    • Hold the other end in your left hand with fingers curled under it.
    • Apply pressure on the forward stroke only.
    • Maintain about 30 to 40 cutting strokes per minute.

    Chisels

    • Simplest type of cutting tool.
    • Made from heat-treated steel.
    • Types of chisels:
      • Cold
      • Cape
      • Round nose
      • Diamond point
    • Cutting angle of a chisel: 60° to 70° for general-purpose work.

    Using a Chisel

    • Hold the chisel firmly but not too rigidly.
    • Use a safety handle if available.
    • Work towards the center of the work.
    • Use a 1 kg hammer.

    Hammers

    • Types of hammers:
      • Ball peen (machinist's hammer)
      • Sledge
    • Safety checks:
      • Never use a hammer with a loose handle.
      • Wear goggles when using or grinding chisels.

    Screwdrivers

    • Tools for driving and removing screws or slot-headed bolts.
    • Types of screwdrivers:
      • Regular
      • Phillips
      • Cross slot
      • Allen
      • Robertson
    • Safety checks:
      • Never try to tighten or loosen a screw while holding the workpiece.
      • Reground and dress the tip when worn out.

    Wrenches

    • Tools used to tighten or loosen bolts, nuts, and pipe plugs.
    • Types of wrenches:
      • Pipe wrenches
      • Combination wrenches
      • Adjustable (Crescent) wrenches
      • Open end wrenches
      • Socket wrenches
      • Torque wrenches
      • Spanners

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    Description

    Learn about the different types of hand tools, their specific uses, and how to properly use them to avoid damage. This includes tools like screwdrivers, tin snips, hacksaws, pliers, and hammers.

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