Hallucinogens and Their Effects

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between MDA and MDMA?

MDMA is primarily an anorexiant.

MDMA has greater stimulant activity than MDA.

MDA is known as the love drug, while MDMA is called ecstasy. (correct)

MDA causes more intense euphoria than MDMA.

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with the hallucinogenic action of LSD?

Serotonin (correct)

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

What physiological effects can anticholinergic hallucinogens cause?

Drowsiness and constipation (correct)

Increased energy and alertness

Heightened auditory perception

Relaxation and calmness

What is synesthesia in the context of hallucinogenic experiences?

Experiencing one sense through another's stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the original clinical purpose for which PCP was created?

Intravenous anesthetic Signup and view all the answers

Can MDMA cause hallucinations?

Yes, MDMA can cause hallucinations. Signup and view all the answers

What side effect is commonly associated with high doses of dextromethorphan?

PCP-like effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding hallucinogens used in psychiatric medicine?

They are sometimes used for therapeutic purposes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential psychological effects of marijuana use in some individuals?

Hallucinations and psychotic behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Marinol?

To treat nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

How is marijuana metabolized most efficiently?

By smoking Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by serious cardiac arrhythmia occurring during inhalant use?

Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) Signup and view all the answers

What is huffing in the context of inhalant abuse?

Inhaling volatile solvents from rags soaked in solvent fluid Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical effects commonly associated with inhalant abuse?

Hypertension and organ damage Signup and view all the answers

Why are inhalants often abused?

They are inexpensive and easily accessible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about toluene is correct?

Toluene is rapidly absorbed into the liver and fat-soluble Signup and view all the answers

What classification was given to marijuana by the Marijuana Tax Act?

Narcotic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mind-altering ingredient found in marijuana?

THC Signup and view all the answers

How does marijuana potency today compare to that from the 1960s?

20 times more potent Signup and view all the answers

Which age cohort has the highest lifetime use of marijuana?

18-25 Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vaporizer use have on marijuana administration?

Leads to a quicker and stronger high Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a potential medical use of marijuana?

Appetite stimulant Signup and view all the answers

What is Hashish with regard to THC level?

Average THC content ranges from 7.03% to 20.76% Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'gateway drug'?

A drug that often leads to the use of more addictive substances Signup and view all the answers

What age group is most commonly associated with inhalant abuse?

Eighth graders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a euphorigenic effect of inhalant use?

Lightheadedness Signup and view all the answers

What is a major side effect of acetaminophen when used during pregnancy?

Risk for ADHD and autism spectrum disorder Signup and view all the answers

What category do most OTC drugs for gastrointestinal issues fall under?

Antacids and anti-heartburn medications Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of using aspirin in children with viral infections?

Reye’s Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What are NSAIDs commonly used for?

Reducing inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antihistamines?

Treating allergies Signup and view all the answers

What is melatonin classified as?

A sleep aid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

Anticholinergic hallucinogens are naturally occurring alkaloids found in herbs. They produce effects like drowsiness, constipation, and witchcraft-related processes.
MDA (anorexiant, mood elevator, affects touch) differs from MDMA (ecstasy, more psychedelic, euphoria)
Nightshade plants (Atropa belladonna) and mandrake plants (mandragora officinarum) contain drugs. Belladonna increases pupil size, mandragora offers pain relief and a "love potion"
Phencyclidine (PCP) side effects include schizophrenia-like symptoms.
Structural analogs modify a compound's basic molecular structure to create a new compound.
Valium is an antipsychotic often used as a sedative to treat PCP toxicity and prevent seizures.
LSD and similar hallucinogens cause heightened effects, intense emotions, loss of identity, and vibrant colors.

Flashbacks and Synesthesia

Flashbacks are recurrences of earlier drug-induced sensory experiences.
Synesthesia is a subjective sensation of one sense triggered by another, such as visual stimulus causing an auditory sensation.
LSD affects serotonin, while cocaine affects dopamine.

PCP

PCP was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic.
Dextromethorphan can induce PCP-like effects in high doses.
LSD does not cause chromosomal damage.
PCP can induce violent and psychotic behaviors.

Marijuana

Marijuana was initially classified as a narcotic by the Marijuana Tax Act in 1971 but was later declared unconstitutional.
Some previous claims about marijuana's effects on crime and violence were misrepresented, based on inaccurate analyses.
Jamaicans and Americans showed different patterns in marijuana use, with Jamaicans using it for work and income.
During WWII, marijuana was used to make rope.
Vaporizer use leads to faster and stronger effects from marijuana.
The 18–25 age group has the highest lifetime rate of marijuana use.

Marijuana potency

Marijuana potency is 20 times stronger today than in the 1960s.
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is marijuana's primary psychoactive compound.
Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica are two major types of marijuana with notably high THC levels.

Gateway Drug Theory and Marijuana Side Effects

The gateway drug theory suggests that use of one drug may lead to the use of other, more addictive drugs.
Marijuana use can cause increased pleasure, altered perception, munchies (increased appetite), and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels).
Hashish is a cannabis product containing high levels of THC (7.03% to 20.76%).
Ganja (a slang term for marijuana) is a cannabis product from dried tops of female plants that typically contains between 4-5% THC.
Marijuana effects last for 2-3 hours, depending on the amount consumed.
Possible Medical Uses include appetite stimulant, glaucoma treatment, and anti-seizure relief.

Anti-asthmatic, anti-depressant effects

Marijuana may have anti-asthmatic and anti-depressant effects as, well as causing muscle relaxation and pain relief.
CNS effects from marijuana depend on factors like user expectations, social setting, route of administration and any previous experiences.
Marijuana may cause hallucinations in some users, leading to psychosis, delusional, and bizarre behavior.

Differential Association

Differential association is the concept that individuals are influenced by people around them; the idea that fun times with friends who use marijuana may encourage future use.
Marinol is a form of THC that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.

Is THC trans-placental?

THC crosses the placental barrier and affects the fetus.

How is Marijuana Metabolized Most Efficiently?

Smoking is the most effective method of marijuana administration to get it into the body.

Inhalants

Inhalants are not extensively regulated by the FDA.
Volatile chemicals include aerosols, art and office supplies, adhesives, fuels, and industrial or household solvents, felt-tip markers, and glues.
Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) is a serious cause of death that results from using inhalants.
Inhalants are fat-soluble and absorbed quickly into the body.
Inhalants are not a harmless phase of childhood, even though children are often exposed to them.

OTC, Prescription, and Herbal Drugs

Melatonin is a sleep aid that can be purchased without a prescription, but careful use is important.
OTC drug spending in the U.S. is substantial, from $30–40 billion yearly.
Common OTC categories include cold, allergy, cough remedies, sleep aids, stimulants, gastrointestinal medications, diet pills, skin products and aids, herbal products.
Antacids and anti-heartburn medication (Maalox) are the most popular OTC drugs for gastrointestinal issues.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and salicylates are a type of asprin.
Antipyretics are drugs that help reduce fevers, like Tylenol.

Reye's Syndrome

Reye's syndrome is a potentially fatal liver condition that can occur in children following viral illnesses like the flu or chicken pox, particularly when aspirin is used.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of hallucinogens, including anticholinergic and psychedelic substances. This quiz covers various compounds such as LSD, MDA, and PCP, and delves into their effects on perception and mood. Discover how these substances influence sensory experiences and the phenomenon of flashbacks and synesthesia.