Hallucinogens and Their Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between MDA and MDMA?

  • MDMA is primarily an anorexiant.
  • MDMA has greater stimulant activity than MDA.
  • MDA is known as the love drug, while MDMA is called ecstasy. (correct)
  • MDA causes more intense euphoria than MDMA.
  • Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with the hallucinogenic action of LSD?

  • Serotonin (correct)
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Acetylcholine
  • What physiological effects can anticholinergic hallucinogens cause?

  • Drowsiness and constipation (correct)
  • Increased energy and alertness
  • Heightened auditory perception
  • Relaxation and calmness
  • What is synesthesia in the context of hallucinogenic experiences?

    <p>Experiencing one sense through another's stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the original clinical purpose for which PCP was created?

    <p>Intravenous anesthetic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can MDMA cause hallucinations?

    <p>Yes, MDMA can cause hallucinations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with high doses of dextromethorphan?

    <p>PCP-like effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding hallucinogens used in psychiatric medicine?

    <p>They are sometimes used for therapeutic purposes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential psychological effects of marijuana use in some individuals?

    <p>Hallucinations and psychotic behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Marinol?

    <p>To treat nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is marijuana metabolized most efficiently?

    <p>By smoking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by serious cardiac arrhythmia occurring during inhalant use?

    <p>Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is huffing in the context of inhalant abuse?

    <p>Inhaling volatile solvents from rags soaked in solvent fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the physical effects commonly associated with inhalant abuse?

    <p>Hypertension and organ damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are inhalants often abused?

    <p>They are inexpensive and easily accessible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about toluene is correct?

    <p>Toluene is rapidly absorbed into the liver and fat-soluble (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification was given to marijuana by the Marijuana Tax Act?

    <p>Narcotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mind-altering ingredient found in marijuana?

    <p>THC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does marijuana potency today compare to that from the 1960s?

    <p>20 times more potent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age cohort has the highest lifetime use of marijuana?

    <p>18-25 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does vaporizer use have on marijuana administration?

    <p>Leads to a quicker and stronger high (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a potential medical use of marijuana?

    <p>Appetite stimulant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hashish with regard to THC level?

    <p>Average THC content ranges from 7.03% to 20.76% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'gateway drug'?

    <p>A drug that often leads to the use of more addictive substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is most commonly associated with inhalant abuse?

    <p>Eighth graders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a euphorigenic effect of inhalant use?

    <p>Lightheadedness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major side effect of acetaminophen when used during pregnancy?

    <p>Risk for ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category do most OTC drugs for gastrointestinal issues fall under?

    <p>Antacids and anti-heartburn medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of using aspirin in children with viral infections?

    <p>Reye’s Syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NSAIDs commonly used for?

    <p>Reducing inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antihistamines?

    <p>Treating allergies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is melatonin classified as?

    <p>A sleep aid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Anticholinergic Hallucinogens

    Substances that block the actions of acetylcholine in the brain, often causing hallucinations and other effects.

    MDA vs. MDMA

    MDA is primarily an appetite suppressant and mood enhancer, while MDMA (ecstasy) is more psychedelic and has stimulant-like effects.

    Phencyclidine (PCP) side effects

    PCP can cause schizophrenia-like symptoms, such as hallucinations and disordered thinking.

    Structural Analogs

    Modified versions of a molecule, created by changing its basic structure.

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    PCP Toxicity Treatments

    Valium (a sedative) and haloperidol (an antipsychotic) are used to manage PCP intoxication.

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    Hallucinogen Effects

    Hallucinogens can heighten emotions, cause intense experiences, and lead to a distorted sense of identity.

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    Marijuana (THC) effects

    Marijuana contains THC, which can alter perception, mood, and thinking.

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    Hashish

    Hashish is a concentrated form of cannabis resin, and it is often associated with more potent effects.

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    Marijuana Classification (Marijuana Tax Act)

    In 1937, marijuana was classified as a narcotic under this act, but was later declared unconstitutional.

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    Marijuana & Early Perceptions

    Early views of marijuana emphasized exaggerated claims linking it to crime and violence, rather than accurate scientific analysis.

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    Marijuana Potency Now vs. 1960s

    Modern marijuana is significantly more potent, around 20 times stronger than in the 1960s.

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    Marijuana's Main Active Ingredient

    Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary component causing marijuana's mind-altering effects.

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    Cannabis Sativa/ Indica

    These are two major types of cannabis with high THC levels.

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    Hashish Composition

    Hashish is a cannabis product made from concentrated resin from the plant with high THC content, ranging from 7.03% to 20.76%.

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    Medical Uses of Marijuana

    Marijuana possesses potential medical applications for various ailments, such as appetite stimulation, glaucoma treatment, seizure control, and others.

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    Marijuana and CNS Effects

    The psychoactive effects of marijuana on the Central Nervous System (CNS) are influenced by various factors, including the type and amount of marijuana.

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    What is Marinol?

    A prescription drug containing synthetic THC (dronabinol) in capsule form. It is primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting, particularly in cancer patients.

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    What is "differential association?"

    The idea that a person's behavior, particularly drug use, is influenced by their social environment and the attitudes and behaviors of the people they associate with.

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    What is "sudden sniffing death syndrome" (SSDS)?

    A dangerous condition that can occur due to inhalant abuse. It is characterized by a fatal heart rhythm disturbance, often triggered by inhaling these substances.

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    How are inhalants abused?

    These substances are often readily available, legal to buy, and inexpensive. They may be found in household products like cleaning supplies, paints, or glues.

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    What is "bagging"?

    Inhaling volatile solvents from plastic bags.

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    What are the effects of chronic toluene abuse?

    Chronic abuse can lead to brain damage, impacting cognitive abilities and causing problems with walking and coordination.

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    Is THC trans-placental?

    Yes. This means that THC can pass from a pregnant woman's bloodstream to the developing fetus.

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    Inhalant Solubility

    Inhalants are easily absorbed by fatty tissues, leading to rapid effects.

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    Inhalant Abuse Age

    Adolescents, especially those in 8th grade, are most likely to abuse inhalants.

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    Euphoric Inhalant Effects

    Inhalants can cause feelings of euphoria, lightheadedness, and relaxation, sometimes leading to sleep or coma.

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    Melatonin

    A sleep aid that can be safe when used appropriately, but might have some impact on hormone levels and dietary supplements.

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    OTC Drug Spending

    Americans spend a huge amount on over-the-counter medications.

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    Common OTC Categories

    Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs include remedies for colds, allergies, coughs, sleep, stimulants, gastrointestinal issues, weight control, skin conditions, and first aid, among others.

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    Most Common OTC for Gastrointestinal Issues

    Antacids and anti-heartburn drugs like Maalox are commonly used for gastrointestinal problems.

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    NSAIDS: Anti-inflammatory Drugs

    Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce pain, fever, prevent blood clots, and in higher doses, decrease inflammation.

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    Study Notes

    Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

    • Anticholinergic hallucinogens are naturally occurring alkaloids found in herbs. They produce effects like drowsiness, constipation, and witchcraft-related processes.
    • MDA (anorexiant, mood elevator, affects touch) differs from MDMA (ecstasy, more psychedelic, euphoria)
    • Nightshade plants (Atropa belladonna) and mandrake plants (mandragora officinarum) contain drugs. Belladonna increases pupil size, mandragora offers pain relief and a "love potion"
    • Phencyclidine (PCP) side effects include schizophrenia-like symptoms.
    • Structural analogs modify a compound's basic molecular structure to create a new compound.
    • Valium is an antipsychotic often used as a sedative to treat PCP toxicity and prevent seizures.
    • LSD and similar hallucinogens cause heightened effects, intense emotions, loss of identity, and vibrant colors.

    Flashbacks and Synesthesia

    • Flashbacks are recurrences of earlier drug-induced sensory experiences.
    • Synesthesia is a subjective sensation of one sense triggered by another, such as visual stimulus causing an auditory sensation.
    • LSD affects serotonin, while cocaine affects dopamine.

    PCP

    • PCP was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic.
    • Dextromethorphan can induce PCP-like effects in high doses.
    • LSD does not cause chromosomal damage.
    • PCP can induce violent and psychotic behaviors.

    Marijuana

    • Marijuana was initially classified as a narcotic by the Marijuana Tax Act in 1971 but was later declared unconstitutional.
    • Some previous claims about marijuana's effects on crime and violence were misrepresented, based on inaccurate analyses.
    • Jamaicans and Americans showed different patterns in marijuana use, with Jamaicans using it for work and income.
    • During WWII, marijuana was used to make rope.
    • Vaporizer use leads to faster and stronger effects from marijuana.
    • The 18–25 age group has the highest lifetime rate of marijuana use.

    Marijuana potency

    • Marijuana potency is 20 times stronger today than in the 1960s.
    • THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is marijuana's primary psychoactive compound.
    • Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica are two major types of marijuana with notably high THC levels.

    Gateway Drug Theory and Marijuana Side Effects

    • The gateway drug theory suggests that use of one drug may lead to the use of other, more addictive drugs.
    • Marijuana use can cause increased pleasure, altered perception, munchies (increased appetite), and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels).
    • Hashish is a cannabis product containing high levels of THC (7.03% to 20.76%).
    • Ganja (a slang term for marijuana) is a cannabis product from dried tops of female plants that typically contains between 4-5% THC.
    • Marijuana effects last for 2-3 hours, depending on the amount consumed.
    • Possible Medical Uses include appetite stimulant, glaucoma treatment, and anti-seizure relief.

    Anti-asthmatic, anti-depressant effects

    • Marijuana may have anti-asthmatic and anti-depressant effects as, well as causing muscle relaxation and pain relief.
    • CNS effects from marijuana depend on factors like user expectations, social setting, route of administration and any previous experiences.
    • Marijuana may cause hallucinations in some users, leading to psychosis, delusional, and bizarre behavior.

    Differential Association

    • Differential association is the concept that individuals are influenced by people around them; the idea that fun times with friends who use marijuana may encourage future use.
    • Marinol is a form of THC that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.

    Is THC trans-placental?

    • THC crosses the placental barrier and affects the fetus.

    How is Marijuana Metabolized Most Efficiently?

    • Smoking is the most effective method of marijuana administration to get it into the body.

    Inhalants

    • Inhalants are not extensively regulated by the FDA.
    • Volatile chemicals include aerosols, art and office supplies, adhesives, fuels, and industrial or household solvents, felt-tip markers, and glues.
    • Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS) is a serious cause of death that results from using inhalants.
    • Inhalants are fat-soluble and absorbed quickly into the body.
    • Inhalants are not a harmless phase of childhood, even though children are often exposed to them.

    OTC, Prescription, and Herbal Drugs

    • Melatonin is a sleep aid that can be purchased without a prescription, but careful use is important.
    • OTC drug spending in the U.S. is substantial, from $30–40 billion yearly.
    • Common OTC categories include cold, allergy, cough remedies, sleep aids, stimulants, gastrointestinal medications, diet pills, skin products and aids, herbal products.
    • Antacids and anti-heartburn medication (Maalox) are the most popular OTC drugs for gastrointestinal issues.
    • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and salicylates are a type of asprin.
    • Antipyretics are drugs that help reduce fevers, like Tylenol.

    Reye's Syndrome

    • Reye's syndrome is a potentially fatal liver condition that can occur in children following viral illnesses like the flu or chicken pox, particularly when aspirin is used.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of hallucinogens, including anticholinergic and psychedelic substances. This quiz covers various compounds such as LSD, MDA, and PCP, and delves into their effects on perception and mood. Discover how these substances influence sensory experiences and the phenomenon of flashbacks and synesthesia.

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