Textbook Chapter 15. Psychedelics
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Questions and Answers

Which area of the brain is primarily involved in emotional responses and novelty detection when influenced by hallucinogens?

  • Raphe nuclei
  • Hippocampus
  • Locus coeruleus (correct)
  • Medial prefrontal cortex
  • What type of receptor does LSD act as an agonist on within the raphe nuclei?

  • 5-HT1A receptor (correct)
  • 5-HT2A receptor
  • Glutamatergic receptor
  • Adrenoceptor
  • What is a common physiological symptom of high doses of LSD?

  • Dilation of blood vessels
  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Increased appetite
  • Severe hallucinations
  • How do hallucinogens like LSD enhance the locus coeruleus's response to novelty?

    <p>By suppressing serotonergic input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Flashes of visual disturbances after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of a 'bad trip' experienced during hallucinogen use?

    <p>Anxiety, panic reactions, or terror.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hallucinogenic drug is known NOT to cause life-threatening cardiovascular effects?

    <p>Classic hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Both A and B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological state is linked to the occurrence of panic reactions during hallucinogen use?

    <p>High dose or drug mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can users typically alleviate panic reactions during a hallucinogenic experience?

    <p>Calm conversation and reassurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the effects of LSD?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the perceptual alterations experienced with classic hallucinogens?

    <p>They usually wear off as the drug is metabolized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is associated with serious toxicity and potential overdose risks?

    <p>5-MeO-DIPT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might experienced users be less likely to experience panic reactions during hallucinogen use?

    <p>They understand the drug's effects better.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a long-lasting effect of using classic hallucinogens, even years later?

    <p>Flashbacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter system affected by LSD in the central nervous system?

    <p>Serotonergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical effective dosage range of mescaline?

    <p>200-400 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forms does LSD NOT typically come in?

    <p>Powdered sugar form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate range of the elimination half-life of LSD?

    <p>175-300 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for LSD to manifest its effects after ingestion?

    <p>30-60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the persistence of visual disturbances experienced by some users long after the effects of LSD have worn off?

    <p>Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons LSD causes hallucinations, as discovered in neuropharmacology studies?

    <p>Activation of a distinct intracellular signaling cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor subtype does LSD notably stimulate, leading to its hallucinogenic effects?

    <p>5-HT2A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of administration is commonly associated with LSD that protects it from deterioration?

    <p>Gelatin squares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration for which the effects of LSD can typically be felt?

    <p>10-12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter receptor is primarily involved in the rapid tolerance observed with LSD use?

    <p>Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ayahuasca ceremonies, how is DMT's effect on tolerance different from that of LSD?

    <p>DMT does not build tolerance nor leads to receptor downregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes hallucination persisting perception disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>HPPD involves recurrent visual disturbances long after hallucinogen use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the use of classic hallucinogens from other drugs like alcohol or nicotine?

    <p>Hallucinogens are used episodically rather than increasing in consumption over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected timeframe for sensitivity to return after LSD use, following the abrupt tolerance that develops?

    <p>Within a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classic hallucinogen is noted for having no documented withdrawal symptoms?

    <p>LSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In many cultures, hallucinogens are often consumed during which type of event?

    <p>Therapeutic interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why classic hallucinogens are seldom taken continuously?

    <p>Tolerance develops quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the insight into one’s past and mind that is often associated with hallucinogenic experiences?

    <p>Entactogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of perception reported by frequent users of LSD?

    <p>Enhanced auditory and visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the development of tolerance to LSD?

    <p>Tolerance develops rapidly to the effects of LSD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of LSD experiences does Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) involve?

    <p>Persistent changes in perception after the drug has worn off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a commonly reported psychological effect of LSD similar to insights achieved in psychotherapy?

    <p>Repressed memory recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the effects of hallucinogens such as LSD?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is LSD most commonly administered?

    <p>As liquid drops or blotter paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reported effect of LSD regarding its duration?

    <p>Delayed onset with prolonged effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of LSD use, what is a flashback?

    <p>Recurring visual experiences that occur after cessation of use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of LSD on sensory functions generally tend to show what trend?

    <p>Inconsistent results but more reports of impairments than improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is primarily responsible for processing sensory novelty and may contribute to the effects of hallucinogens?

    <p>Locus coeruleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect is NOT commonly associated with high doses of LSD?

    <p>Severe respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Continued visual distortions long after consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods of administration is NOT typically used for LSD?

    <p>Intravenous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter primarily underpins the hallucinogenic effects of LSD through its interaction with specific receptors?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant reason classic hallucinogens like LSD are not generally taken continuously?

    <p>They quickly become ineffective due to rapid tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain receptor is primarily downregulated leading to the rapid tolerance observed with LSD use?

    <p>Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the method of administration for LSD typically characterized?

    <p>It is mostly consumed orally or via ingestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the phenomenon of Hallucination Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>HPPD involves persistent hallucinatory experiences long after drug effects have worn off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hallucinogens has been noted for not exhibiting tolerance effects with repeated use?

    <p>DMT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical timeframe for sensitivity to return after LSD use, following the development of rapid tolerance?

    <p>Within a week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In many cultures, how is the use of hallucinogens usually framed?

    <p>Associated with religious ceremonies or cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common characteristic is associated with the effects of LSD?

    <p>Rapid onset of effects within minutes of administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experiences are commonly described as 'flashbacks' encountered after LSD use?

    <p>Unwanted visual or sensory distortions re-emerging after drug effects subside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do people frequently associate with the use of LSD that relates to self-reflection and emotional release?

    <p>Introspection and emotional catharsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common method of LSD administration?

    <p>Intravenous infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the primary neurotransmitter system implicated in the experience of hallucinogenic effects from LSD?

    <p>Serotonergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the rapid increase in tolerance observed with repeated uses of LSD?

    <p>Rapid tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might the experience of a 'flashback' be characterized in individuals who have used LSD?

    <p>A re-experiencing of visual disturbances after the drug effects have worn off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Continuous flashbacks and visual disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally happens to the sensory functions of individuals after using LSD?

    <p>Frequent reports of sensory impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is typically associated with the acute effects of LSD in terms of perception?

    <p>Altered sound and light perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary challenges when studying the subjective effects of hallucinogens like LSD?

    <p>Variability in individual experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the onset time for the effects of LSD after ingestion?

    <p>Within 30 to 60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of flashbacks experienced by individuals who have used hallucinogens?

    <p>They can occur long after the initial drug experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is predominantly associated with the development of tolerance to LSD?

    <p>Rapid physiological adaptation with repeated use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter system is primarily impacted by the effects of LSD on the brain?

    <p>Serotonergic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner is LSD most commonly administered?

    <p>On absorbent paper tabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT associated with Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Complete resolution of perceptual effects shortly after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the user's environment and their hallucinogenic experience?

    <p>The environment can influence the subjective effects of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is commonly reported in users during a 'bad trip' from hallucinogens?

    <p>Panic reactions and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which designer hallucinogen has documented risks of serious toxicity?

    <p>5-MeO-DIPT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of classic hallucinogens makes them less likely to cause acute health emergencies?

    <p>Low toxicity and overdose potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the higher dosage of LSD found in gelatin forms compared to blotting paper?

    <p>Protection from drug deterioration by light and air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the pharmacological actions of LSD that differentiates it from other 5-HT2A receptor agonists?

    <p>LSD triggers a unique intracellular signaling cascade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after ingestion do the effects of LSD typically begin to manifest?

    <p>30-60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of effects experienced during LSD use?

    <p>10-12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance can be experienced through a flashback in users following LSD use?

    <p>Hallucinatory experiences similar to those during the trip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter receptor does LSD primarily agonize within the central nervous system?

    <p>5-HT2A receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons users may not take classic hallucinogens continuously?

    <p>Rapid development of tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what common form is LSD NOT typically administered?

    <p>Compressed powder tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does LSD primarily affect serotonin receptors in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>As a serotonin receptor inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological effect experienced by users of salvinorin A?

    <p>Hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the withdrawal from salvinorin A?

    <p>Severe anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse reaction has been reported after the use of salvinorin A?

    <p>Psychotic-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repeated use of salvinorin A leads to what notable aspect of its pharmacological profile?

    <p>Consistent intensification of effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely time frame for symptoms to appear after drug use of salvinorin A?

    <p>Days after use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salvinorin A is known to have what effect on heart rate and blood pressure?

    <p>Have no significant effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of salvinorin A are characterized by which type of symptoms?

    <p>Primarily psychological symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is considered a hallmark of withdrawal from prolonged heavy use of salvinorin A?

    <p>Severe stomach pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates salvinorin A from almost all other drugs concerning tolerance?

    <p>No development of tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically the nature of the effects experienced by users of salvinorin A?

    <p>Diverse and can evoke anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effects are associated with salvinorin A in animal studies?

    <p>Antinociception and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary mechanism through which salvinorin A exerts its effects on the body?

    <p>Kappa-opioid receptor system mediation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a positive effect reported by users of salvinorin A?

    <p>Increased sense of creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salvinorin A is considered to have a relatively low level of toxicity. Which statement reflects this?

    <p>No toxic effects on the brain or major organs have been observed even at high doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of experiences are users likely to report while under the influence of salvinorin A?

    <p>Intense perceptual and mood alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a negative effect linked to salvinorin A use?

    <p>Heightened feelings of anxiety and panic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of perceptual alterations can salvinorin A induce?

    <p>Intensely colorful visions and merging objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the notable cognitive effects experienced after using salvinorin A?

    <p>Impaired spatial and episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characterizes the safety profile of salvinorin A during studies?

    <p>It has a safe physiological profile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavioral change is commonly observed in users of salvinorin A?

    <p>Acute psychosis and paranoia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the traditional use of Salvia divinorum in Mazatec culture?

    <p>Oral administration via leaves or water mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter receptor does Salvinorin A primarily act upon?

    <p>Kappa (κ)-opioid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the effects of Salvinorin A compare to those of classic hallucinogens like LSD?

    <p>Salvinorin A produces unique and particularly intense effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical effective dosage of Salvinorin A for noticeable effects?

    <p>200 micrograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the method of smoking Salvia divinorum from its traditional oral use?

    <p>It allows for more controlled dosing and immediate effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason experienced users might have a different reaction to Salvinorin A?

    <p>They build tolerance through repeated use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How rapidly can effects be felt after smoking Salvia divinorum?

    <p>5-10 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the chemical nature of Salvinorin A?

    <p>It is the first known diterpene hallucinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common effect is associated with hallucinations induced by Salvinorin A?

    <p>Visual distortions and altered reality perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature helps categorize Salvinorin A among hallucinogens?

    <p>It has a unique molecular structure distinct from other hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pharmacological action primarily differentiates ketamine from PCP, contributing to its safer profile?

    <p>Less likelihood of causing delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter system is most significantly influenced by the dissociative effects of PCP and ketamine, especially in relation to psychotic symptoms?

    <p>Glutamate system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recognized feature of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)?

    <p>Infrequent recurrence of sensory disturbances long after drug effects have dissipated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration for PCP is most commonly associated with recreational use?

    <p>Saturating tobacco with PCP and smoking it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated duration of effects after taking a typical dose of ketamine?

    <p>4-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological effect of high doses of PCP?

    <p>Decreased respiratory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain area is primarily associated with the onset of negative symptoms of psychosis when NMDA receptors are inhibited?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tolerance develop rapidly with repeated use of substances like LSD?

    <p>Reduced receptor density for serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes the 'flashbacks' associated with LSD use?

    <p>Sudden, brief experiences of altered perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the degradation of ketamine after oral administration?

    <p>First-pass metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term effect can result from chronic use of ketamine?

    <p>Long-term neurological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the harmful effects of PCP?

    <p>PCP can cause long-lasting psychotic behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of using PCP during pregnancy?

    <p>Higher likelihood of labor complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated lethal dose of ketamine taken intranasally?

    <p>2700 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can co-administration of other CNS-depressant drugs have when using PCP or ketamine?

    <p>Potentiation of lethal effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological condition is linked to the neurological changes associated with chronic ketamine use?

    <p>Long-term cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behavioral symptoms is commonly reported following the use of high doses of PCP?

    <p>Agitation and disorientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavioral outcome for children born to mothers who used PCP during pregnancy?

    <p>Muscle stiffness and irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of injuries and deaths related to PCP and ketamine?

    <p>Psychotic behavior and agitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dissociative anesthetics like PCP and ketamine primarily affect the brain?

    <p>Through widespread cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the cognitive effects of prolonged ketamine use?

    <p>Deficits in procedural learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes tolerance development with PCP when used daily?

    <p>Users require larger doses over time to achieve the same effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom observed during higher doses of dissociative anesthetics?

    <p>Catatonic stupor or excitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What withdrawal symptoms may occur after repeated use of PCP based on animal research?

    <p>Tremors, anxiety, and depressive-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do PCP and ketamine compare with hallucinogens like LSD in their effects?

    <p>Neither PCP nor ketamine leads to hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique property allows animals to discriminate PCP and ketamine from saline?

    <p>Their blockade of NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect following the use of dissociative anesthetics once their effects wear off?

    <p>A mild depression lasting from 24 hours to 1 week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the likelihood of developing a flashback phenomenon after dissociative anesthetic use?

    <p>The frequency of use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique experience is associated with the effects of ketamine at low doses?

    <p>Altered body image and feelings of floating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hallucinogens, Psychedelics, and Club Drugs

    • Hallucinogens profoundly impact sensory perceptions and emotions, but through diverse mechanisms.
    • They were once called psychotomimetics, but now often called phantasticants, psychedelics, entactogens, and empathogens.
    • These terms attempt to capture their subjective effects, such as personal insight, empathy, ecstasy, and connection to God/universe.
    • Some compounds are used by young adults at nightclubs, concerts, and parties to enhance experiences.
    • Club drugs are a descriptive term for their use in these settings.
    • Potential for therapeutic use in psychotherapy is suggested, though dangers also exist.

    Classic Hallucinogens

    • These drugs alter thought, perception, and mood (minimal autonomic side effects).
    • Primarily classified into indolamines (similar to serotonin) and phenethylamines (similar to dopamine or norepinephrine).
    • LSD is a well-studied indolamine example and is similar to serotonin.
    • Mescaline is a phenethylamine, similar to catecholamines.
    • The key differences among classic hallucinogens are receptor subtype selectivity, varying potency, and durations of action.
    • Other indolamine-class hallucinogens include lysergic acid amide (LSA), psilocybin, bufotenine, harmine, harmaline, and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT).
    • LSA is an ergoline compound in morning glory seeds.
    • Psilocybin is found in "magic mushrooms" (Psilocybe genus).
    • Bufotenine is in toad secretions.
    • Harmine and harmaline are plant compounds in Banisteriopsis caapi.
    • DMT is found in insects, amphibians and various plants (Mimosa tenuiflora, Psychotria viridis, Diplopterys cabrerana, Anadenanthera peregrine).
    • Ayahuasca is a South American hallucinogenic decoction combining Banisteriopsis caapi with Psychotria viridis. DMT (from P. viridis) is rendered active by MAO inhibitors found in B. caapi. Ayahuasca use also includes hallucinogenic tourism.

    LSD

    • LSD is an odorless, colorless, synthetic drug.
    • It has several street names (acid, blotter, etc).
    • Naturally occurring compounds similar to LSD are found in ergot fungus.
    • Albert Hofmann, in 1938, synthesized LSD and later took a dose that led to its investigation.
    • Early research explored LSD's use in psychotherapy and intelligence gathering.

    MDMA (Ecstasy)

    • MDMA is a phenethylamine-class hallucinogen.
    • Has effects in common with LSD.
    • It is now a well-studied and widely used substance.

    Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts)

    • Less well-explored and frequently discussed.

    Salvinorin A

    • Salvinorin A is the first known diterpene hallucinogen.
    • It is a highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonist.
    • It has unique effects compared to other hallucinogens.
    • Salvinorin A is potent; effects can be felt at 200 micrograms (LSD requires larger doses).
    • It has rapid onset; peaking within minutes of consumption, and short duration (lasting approximately 20–30 minutes or an additional hour, depending on route).

    Dissociative Anesthetics (PCP & Ketamine)

    • PCP and ketamine are NMDA receptor antagonists.
    • They cause amnesia.
    • They have various subjective effects. PCP is a recreational drug, while Ketamine is a veterinary and medical anesthetic.
    • Ketamine has varying street names (K, Special K, KitKat, cat Valium).

    Dextromethorphan

    • A cough suppressant that is sometimes used recreationally.

    GHB

    • A CNS (central nervous system) depressant that is sometimes used recreationally.
    • GHB is sometimes used recreationally as well.

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    Explore the fascinating world of hallucinogens, psychedelics, and club drugs through this quiz. Learn about their effects on perception, emotion, and social experiences, as well as the classifications of classic hallucinogens. Test your knowledge on their chemical properties and social use in nightlife settings.

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