Drugs and Society Test Review Chapters 12-15 PDF

Drugs and Society, Jones & Bartlett, 14thEd. HESC 321 Test #3 Review Chapters 12-15 Chapter 12 – Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) 1. What are anticholinergic hallucinogens? What are their effects physiologically? Include naturally occurring alkaloid (bitter organic base) substances that are present...

Drugs and Society, Jones & Bartlett, 14thEd. HESC 321 Test #3 Review Chapters 12-15 Chapter 12 – Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) 1. What are anticholinergic hallucinogens? What are their effects physiologically? Include naturally occurring alkaloid (bitter organic base) substances that are present in herbs found around the world. Witchcraft, cold system remedies, constipation, drowsiness 2. What is the difference between MDA and MDMA MDA: anorexiant, as well as mood elevator. Love drug, effects sense of touch. MDMA: ecstasy or molly. More psychedlic and less stimulant activity (euphoria). 3. What drugs are found in the nightshade and mandrake plants? Nightshade: atropa belladonna, Rome and Egypt girls would use it to make their pupils large Mandrake plants: mandragora officinarum, Love potion (romeo and juliet), relieves nervous conditions, and pain 4. Side-effects of phencyclidine? Schizophrenia like symptoms 5. What are structural analogs? A new molecular species created by modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound 6. Are there antagonistic drugs to treat PCP toxicity? Valium is often used for its sedating effects to prevent injury and reduce the chance of convulsions. An antipsychotic agent (haloperidol) is frequently administered to make the patient manageable 7. What are the physical and psychological effects of hallucinogenic drugs like LSD? Heighten effects, intense emotions, loss of identity, highly colorful  8. What is a “flashback”? recurrences of earlier drug-induced sensory experiences in the absence of the drug 9. What is synesthesia? a subjective sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated, such as an auditory sensation caused by a visual stimulus 10. Which neurotransmitters are related to the hallucinogens? LSD-like: serotonin, dominated by their hallucinogenic action Cocaine-like: dopamine, dominated by their stimulant effects 11. PCP originally created for which clinical purpose? intravenous anesthetic 12. Can MDMA cause hallucinations? yes 13. Can dextromethorphan cause hallucinogens? Yes, cough suppressant. High doses can cause PCP-like effects. 14. Can LSD cause chromosomal damage? No 15. Can PCP cause violent or psychotic behavior? yes 16. Are hallucinogens used in psychiatric medicine? yes 17. Can the seasoning, nutmeg cause hallucinations? Yes, often causes unpleasant trips (blocks serotonin) with high doses Chapter 13 - Marijuana 1. What is the classification of marijuana as a result of the Marijuana Tax Act? It classified marijuana as a narcotic (same as cocaine and opiates) but was declared unconstitutional in 1971 2. After Prohibition marijuana was not viewed from an accurate scientific perspective – exaggerated claims – why? because it claimed to be responsible for crime and violence 3. Difference between American and Jamaican chronic users of marijuana (based on science)? American: recreational use Jamaican: were extraordinarily diligent peasants who invested impressive amounts of time and energy in multiple income bearing schemes 4. How was marijuana used during WW II in U.S.? Subsidized to make rope 5. What is the effect of vaporizer use on marijuana administration? Leads to a quicker and stronger high 6. What is the age cohort with the highest lifetime use of marijuana? 18-25 7. What are the influential factors that determine marijuana use? Structural factors: age, gender, family background, lack of any religious beliefs Social and interactional factors: friendship cliques Setting: type of community Attitudinal factors: personal attitudes towards the use of drugs Participation in after-school activities Religious involvement 8. What is THC? (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary mind-altering ingredient in marijuana 9. Two major types of Cannabis with highest THC levels? Cannabis sativa Cannabis indica 10. Differences in marijuana potency now vs. 1960s? 20x more potent in today marijuana 11. What is a “gateway drug”? Drugs that often lead to the use of more addictive type of drugs (controversial theory) 12. Physical symptoms of marijuana use? Increased pleasure, altered perception, munchies, vasodilation 13. What is Hashish? THC level? A cannabis product produced from the pure resin from the flowers plants with high amount of THC The average THC content ranges from 7.03%- 20.76% 14. What is Ganja? THC level? Largely produced in India. Consists of dried tops of female plants. The term is also used as a slang term for marijuana (pot, weed, reefer) 4-5 THC 15. How long is the effect of marijuana? 2-3 hours but depends on the amount of THC 16. What are some medical uses for marijuana? Appetite stimulant Glaucoma Anti-seizure Anti-asthmatic effect Antidepressant Muscle relaxation Analgesic effect 17. Factors that determine the CNS effects of marijuana use? Depends on the expectations of the user, the social setting, the route of administration, and previous experiences 18. Can marijuana cause hallucinations? Yes, in a minority of cases users can exhibit psychosis, delusional and bizarre behavior, and hallucinations 19. What is “differential association”? Behavioral satisfaction derived from friends who use marijuana (fun times when high with friends) 20. What is Marinol? FDA- approved synthesized THC in capsule form (dronabinol) primarily used to treat nausea and vomiting 21. Is THC trans-placental? yes 22. How is marijuana metabolized most efficiently through administration? Marijuana is metabolized more efficiently through smoking than via intravenous injection or oral ingestion Chapter 14 – Inhalants 1. Are Inhalants scheduled drugs by FDA? Inhalants are generally not regulated as are other drugs of abuse, many products 2. What designates a “volatile” chemical? Includes aerosols, art or office supplies, adhesives, fuels, and industrial or household solvents, felt tip markers, glues 3. What is “sudden sniffing death” syndrome (SSDS)? A condition characterized by serious cardiac arrhythmia occurring during or immediately after inhaling -Brain Damage -Damage to heart, kidney, liver, and bone marrow 4. Why are inhalants abused? Legally obtained, ready to use, and inexpensive 5. What are the physical effects of inhalant use? hypertension and damage to the cardiac muscle, peripheral nerves, brain, and kidneys. 6. What is “huffing”? Inhale volatile solvents from old rags or bandannas soaked in the solvent fluid and held over the mouth 7. What is “bagging”? Inhale volatile solvents from plastic bags 8. Effects of chronic toluene abuse? Cause brain damage, impaired cognition and gait disturbances 9. Were nitrites ever OTC? Yes they were to treat angina, but now are prohibited by Consumer Product Safety Commission 10. What are some side-effects of inhalant abuse? can lose appetite, continually tired, and experience nosebleeds 11. Is toluene rapidly absorbed into the liver? Is it fat soluble? Liver rapidly absorb this chemical. Fat is easy to deposit in lipid rich organs Ex. Brain 12. What is Freon? is a noncombustible gas use in cooling systems 13. Effects of Freon abuse? can cause not only serious liver damage but also SSDS, can cause freeze injuries 14. Are inhalants “fat soluble” or “water soluble”? What does this mean to the body when abused? Inhalants are fat soluble. it means that high rich organs can absorbs the chemical more rapidly 15. Is inhalant use a harmless phase in childhood? Which age grouping commonly abuses inhalants? It is not a harmless phase in childhood, even though children are most exposed to it, it is not safe. most commonly abused age groups are adolescents (8th graders) 16. What are euphorigenic effects of inhalant use? can cause a quick high of lightheadedness, and higher doses can cause relaxation, sleep or even coma Chapter 15 – OTC, Prescription, & Herbal Drugs 1. What is melatonin? Is it safe? It is a Sleep Aid. It can be safe if taken properly as it affect hormone & dietary supplement 2. How much money is spent on OTC meds in U.S.? $30-$40 Billion on OTC Drugs 3. Common categories of OTCs? -Cold, allergy, cough remedies -Sleep Aids -Stimulants -Gastrointestinal medication -Diet aids -Skin Products -Skin First-Aids Products -OTC Herbal Products 4. Most commonly used OTC drug for gastro-intestinal disorders? Antacids and anti-heartburn medication (Maalox) 5. Which OTCs have anti-inflammatory effects? Therapeutic considerations 6. What are NSAIDS? Examples? Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are members of a drug class that reduces pain, decreases fever, prevents blood clots, and in higher doses, decreases inflammation. 7. What are salicylates? A form of asprin 8. What are “antipyretics”? Examples? Drugs that help eliminate fevers such as tylenol  9. What is “Reye’s Syndrome”? What causes it? Potentially fatal complication (liver damage) of colds, flu, or chicken pox in children (with aspirin use). 10. What is the physiological effect of sympathomimetics on cold or allergic diagnoses? can cause fatal complication of the liver 11. What is effect of melatonin on the body? What is melatonin? it affects hormone and dietary supplement. it is a type of OTC drug that assist sleep 12. What is a major side-effect of acetaminophen? What is the purpose of this drug? acetaminophen in the womb may increase a child's risk for ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. Its purpose is It can treat minor aches and pains, and reduces fever 13. What is an antihistamine? What does it do? Antihistamines are Sleep drugs. Which treat hay fever and other allergies. 14. What is an “antitussive”? What does it do? It is a Cold Remedy. It is a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold 15. What does a sympathomimetic drug have as side-effects? Sympathomimetics may produce a wide range of adverse effects resembling excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system 16. Annual cost of OTC medications in U.S.? $102 billion in the U.S. 17. Benefits of caffeine as a drug? used to treat tiredness and drowsiness 18. Can OTC drugs create dependency? Yes it can become a dependency. Due to excessive self-medication than by hardcore drug addicts 19. What is congestion “rebound”? A constant nasal stuffiness (congestion) that develops from the overuse of nasal sprays 20. How are herbal products regulated? There is little or no federal regulation due to 1994 law, "Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act"  21. What is “switching” of drugs by the FDA? Switching policy to make more drugs available to the public 22. Are generic drugs safe? The FDA requires a generic drug to meet standards that ensure it's the same basic product as the brand-name drug yes 23. Which medical professionals can write prescriptions? recommendation of a licensed health professional, such as a Physician 24. What does “proprietary” mean? A brand or trademark name that is registered with the U.S. Patent Office