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• Fungi are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
• They mainly grow in humid environments.
• Multicellular fungi cells are long and cylindrical, forming filaments called hyphae.
• Hyphae group together into a network called the mycelium.
• Fungi are divided into various groups.

Nutrition in Fungi

• Fungi are heterotrophic, feeding in different ways.
• Saprophytes grow on organic matter, breaking it down and helping eliminate animal and plant remains.
• Parasites feed on other living things, harming them and causing diseases like athlete's foot.
• Symbiotic fungi form associations with algae or plants for mutual benefit providing food.

Reproduction in Fungi

• Multicellular fungi reproduce through spores that germinate under favorable conditions.
• Mushrooms are reproductive structures of some fungi, forming spores.
• Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding.

Mushroom Structure

• Mycelium lies under the soil, forming the mushroom.
• The mushroom includes a cap, ring, gills, and stem (stalk).
• Developed mushrooms generate spores, producing new hyphae that form a new mycelium.

Types of Fungi

• Yeasts are oval-shaped, unicellular fungi found on the ground or other things.
• Moulds are multicellular fungi that grow on organic matter like fruit and wood debris.
• Fungi with mushrooms are multicellular and develop mushrooms as reproductive structures.

Sensitivity in Fungi

• Fungi are immobile.
• Some have symbiotic relationships, like lichens with algae, where the fungus provides water and protection, and algae provides organic substances.
• Other fungi form mycorrhiza with tree roots, where the plant provides organic substances, and the fungus helps roots capture water and mineral salts.

Protoctist characteristics

• They are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
• Multicellular algae don't have true tissues, because their cells are similar and perform all life processes.
• All are aquatic autotrophs with pigments for photosynthesis.

Classification of Algae

• Microscopic algae cannot be seen with the naked eye and are unicellular or form colonies.
• Macroscopic algae are multicellular and can grow to dozens of meters.
• Filamentous algae form fine filaments and are borderline microscopic.

Algae nutrition

• Algae make their own organic matter using inorganic matter and sunlight through photosynthesis.
• Both unicellular and multicellular algae collect carbon dioxide and salts from the water.
• All cells in multicellular algae perform photosynthesis.

Algae Sensitivity

• Most unicellular algae float in water.
• Some, like those of the Euglena genus, have flagella for movement.

Algae reproduction

• Unicellular algae reproduce asexually through binary fission.
• Multicellular algae reproduce through spores, which are cells with a protective covering that can produce new algae.

Classification by Color

• Green algae have chlorophyll and live in shallow waters.
• Brown algae have brown pigments and live in medium-depth waters.
• Red algae have red pigments and live in deeper waters.

The Importance of Algae

• Unicellular algae are part of plankton, forming the basis of trophic chains and releasing oxygen.
• As autotrophs, they release oxygen into the atmosphere.
• Multicellular algae form underwater forests that serve as food and shelter for many animals.

Protozoa Characteristics

• Protozoa are unicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells and heterotrophic nutrition.
• They live in water or humid environments.
• Most are mobile.
• Protozoa are classified by their mode of movement.

Protozoa Nutrition

• Saprophytes feed on the remains of living things.
• Predators feed on other living things.
• Symbiotic protozoa form associations with other living things for mutual benefit.
• Parasites feed on other living things, causing them harm; all sporozoa are parasites.

Protozoa Sensitivity

• Protozoa respond to their environment by producing substances or through movement.
• Some form cysts under unfavorable conditions to survive until conditions improve.

Protozoa Reproduction

• Most protozoa reproduce asexually through binary fission.

Types of Protozoa

• Flagellates have a flagellum, which acts like a whip.
• Ciliates have short extensions called cilia, which move together.
• Rhizopods extend and retract cytoplasm to move with pseudopods.
• Sporozoa lack locomotive structures and are immobile parasites.

The Importance of Protozoa

• They form plankton, on which many aquatic animals feed as well as purify water by feeding on bacteria and the remains of living things.
• Protozoa can also cause diseases in animals and humans (malaria transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito).

Bacteria - Characteristics

• All bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes.
• Bacteria live in all types of places, including those with extreme temperatures or high acidity.

Bacteria Shapes

• Cocci are spherical-shaped bacteria (some yogurt bacteria).
• Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, for example, the bacteria that cause tetanus.
• Vibrios are curved bacteria that cause cholera.
• Spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria that cause syphilis.

The Life Processes of Bacteria - Nutrition

• Most bacteria are heterotrophic, feeding on other living things or their remains.
• Saprophytes feed on the remains of decomposing bacteria in the soil.
• Symbiotic bacteria for mutual benefit, example intestinal bacteria aiding digestion.
• Parasites feed on other living things, causing them harm, such as tuberculosis bacteria.

Bacteria - Sensitivity

• Some bacteria live alone, while others form colonies.
• They respond to their environment through movement or by producing various substances.
• Some form resistant spores when environmental conditions are not favorable.

Bacteria - Reproduction

• Bacteria reproduce asexually, mostly through binary fission.

Bacteria - Importance

• Some bacteria can cause diseases, but most are beneficial.
• Decomposing bacteria transform organic matter in the soil into simple inorganic substances.
• Photosynthetic bacteria release oxygen into the atmosphere.
• Intestinal flora bacteria aid digestion and nutrient absorption in animals.
• Bacteria are used to produce various foods, medicines, and hormones.