Fungi and Protoctist Kingdoms Biology PDF

Okay, here is the conversion of the image into a markdown format: ### 4. The Fungi kingdom **CHALLENGES** 17. Do fungi cells resemble those of animals and plants? Explain how they are similar and how they are different. 18. Search for images of microorganisms from this kingdom that we benefit from....

Okay, here is the conversion of the image into a markdown format: ### 4. The Fungi kingdom **CHALLENGES** 17. Do fungi cells resemble those of animals and plants? Explain how they are similar and how they are different. 18. Search for images of microorganisms from this kingdom that we benefit from. Find another fungus that causes diseases. You can include them in your calendar. 19. **WORK WITH THE IMAGE.** What type of fungi can you see in the photo? Describe it and explain if it benefits or harms the plant. 20. Some mushrooms only grow in places with certain species of trees. What do you think is the reason for this? 21. In many villages and cities there are streets and squares named after Doctor Fleming. Why do you think this British doctor is so famous? **What are the characteristics of fungi?** * They are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms. * They mainly grow in humid environments. * The cells of multicellular fungi are long and cylindrical. They join together to form filaments called **hyphae**. The hyphae group together into a network called the **mycelium**. **Fungi are divided into various groups:** * Yeasts * Molds * Fungi with mushrooms | Term | Translation | | ----------- | ----------- | | Hyphae | Hi fa | | Mycelium | Micelio | ### The life processes of fungi **Nutrition** They are all heterotrophic. They feed in different ways: * **Saprophytes.** They grow on organic matter and break it down into simpler substances. They help to eliminate the remains of animals and plants. * **Parasites.** They feed on other living things, harming them and causing diseases. One example is the mold that causes athlete's foot in humans. * **Symbiotic.** Some fungi form associations with algae or plants for mutual benefit. The fungi obtain food in the form of organic substances. **Reproduction** * **Multicellular** Molds and fungi with mushrooms are multicellular fungi. They reproduce through spores that germinate when conditions are favorable and produce new fungi. Mushrooms are reproductive structures that are characteristic of some fungi. Spores are formed in them. **Mushroom structure:** * Cap * Ring * Gills * Stem/Stalk The mycelium of these fungi lies under the soil. The mycelium forms the mushroom. The developed mushroom generates spores. These produce new hyphae that, in turn, form a new mycelium. * **Unicellular** Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. A protrusion or bud is formed, which produces a new cell. **Sensitivity/Interaction** Fungi are immobile they do not move around. Some fungi form a symbiotic association with algae, creating lichens. The fungus provides the alga with water and protection. The alga provides the fungus with organic substances. Other fungi form associations with the roots of certain trees in a symbiosis called mycorrhiza. The plant provides the fungus with organic substances. The fungus helps the roots capture water and mineral salts. ##### Types of Fungi * **Yeasts**: They are oval-shaped unicellular fungi. They are found on the ground or on other living things. * **Molds:** They are multicellular fungi. They grow on organic matter such as fruit and wood debris. * **Fungi with mushrooms:** They are multicellular. They develop a special reproductive structure called a mushroom --- ## 3. The Protoctist kingdom ### What are the characteristics of algae? * They are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells. * Multicellular algae do not have true tissues, as their cells are similar and can perform all the life processes. * They are aquatic autotrophs. They have pigments that allow them to perform photosynthesis. **Classification by size** * **Microscopic.** They cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are unicellular or form colonies of a few cells. * **Macroscopic.** Multicellular algae that can be seen with the naked eye. They can grow to dozens of meters long. **Classification by colour** * **Green.** They have a green pigment called chlorophyll. They live in shallow waters. * **Brown.** They have brown pigments. They live in waters of medium depth. * **(Red)** This type of algae has red pigments. They live in deeper waters. **Terms** * Filamentous * Spores ### The life processes of algae **Nutrition** Algae are autotrophic organisms. The chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments they contain allow them to perform photosynthesis. That is, algae make their own organic matter from inorganic matter and the energy of the Sun. Both unicellular and multicellular algae take the carbon dioxide and salts they need directly from the water around them. They do not have a waterproof covering that prevents this. In multicellular algae, all the cells perform photosynthesis. **Sensitivity/Interaction** Most unicellular algae float in water. However, some have flagella that they use to move. For example, those of the *Euglena* genus. **Reproduction** Algae can reproduce asexually and sexually. Unicellular algae reproduce asexually through binary fission. Multicellular algae reproduce through spores. These are specialized cells with a protective covering that can produce new algae. **The importance of algae** Algae provide many benefits for the environment and for industry. * **The environment** Unicellular algae are part of plankton, on which many aquatic animals feed. As they are autotrophic, they form the basis of trophic chains and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Multicellular algae form underwater forests. They serve as food and shelter for many animals. * **Industry** Some species of algae are used in the food industry, especially in Asia. Algae are also used to produce biofuels, to decontaminate water and to produce medicines. A red alga produces agar-agar, a substance that is used to cultivate bacteria in the laboratory. --- ### 3. The Protoctist kingdom 1. How are living things in the Protoctist kingdom different from those in the Monera kingdom? 2. How do protozoa move? Are they all mobile? Find examples of each type of locomotion for your calendar. 3. **WORK WITH THE IMAGE**. The photo on the right shows a red tide. What microorganisms produce them? What implications do they have for the environment? 4. Why aren't multicellular algae considered to be plants? 5. Protoctists are found everywhere, although we are not always aware of them. Search for two protozoa and two microscopic algae from different places. For example: in the water, in the ground or living on animals as parasites. Include them in your calendar. **The Protoctist kingdom is made up of a very diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. They live in aquatic or humid environments. Within the Protoctist kingdom, there are two groups of living things: protozoa and algae.** ### What are the characteristics of protozoa? * They are unicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells and heterotrophic nutrition. * They have a great variety of shapes. * They live in water or in humid environments. * Most are mobile. They are usually classified by the way they move **Terms** Dibujo ### The life processes of protozoa **Nutrition** Depending on how protozoa obtain their food, they can be: * **Saprophytes**. They feed on the remains of living things. An example is the paramecium, which lives in fresh water. * **Predators**. They feed on other living things. For example, vorticellae, which attach themselves to substrates and move their cilia to create currents in order to catch bacteria. * **Symbiotic**. They form associations with other living things for mutual benefit. For example, the protozoa that live in the digestive tract of termites help them to digest wood. * **Parasites**. They feed on other living things, causing them harm. All sporozoa are parasites. **Sensitivity/Interaction** Protozoa respond to their environment by producing substances or through movement. When conditions are unfavorable, some protozoa form cysts. These are structures in which they can survive for long periods until conditions improve. **Reproduction** Most protozoa reproduce asexually through binary fission. **The importance of protozoa** Protozoa are important for various reasons: * **The environment.** Protozoa that float in water together with other microorganisms, form plankton. Many aquatic animals feed on plankton. * **Water purification.** Protozoa feed on bacteria and the remains of living things in water. * **Health**. Protozoa cause diseases in animals and humans, especially in tropical countries. For example, plasmodia cause malaria. This disease results in around half a million deaths a year around the world. Examples of Protozoa: * **Flagellates**: They have a long extension called a flagellum. This acts like a whip, propelling the cell. (Trypanosome) * **Ciliates**: These protozoa have short extensions called cilia, which move together. (Paramecium) * **Rhizopods**: To move they extend and retract the cytoplasm. These extensions are called pseudopods. (Amoeba) * **Sporozoa**: They do not have locomotive structures, so they are immobile. They are all parasites. (Plasmodium) --- ### 2. The Monera kingdom ### The life processes of bacteria **Nutrition** * **Autotrophic** Some bacteria produce their own food. One example is cyanobacteria. They carry out photosynthesis in rivers, lakes, and seas. * **Heterotrophic** Most bacteria feed on other living things or their remains. They can be: * **Saprophytes**. They feed on the remains of living things, such as decomposing bacteria in the soil. * **Symbiotic**. They form associations with other living things for mutual benefit. * **Parasites**. They feed on other living things, causing them harm. **Sensitivity/Interaction** Some bacteria live alone, while others form colonies. They respond to their environment through movement or by producing various substances. Some form resistant spores when environmental conditions are not favorable. These have resistant covering, which allows the bacteria to survive until conditions improve. **Reproduction** Bacteria reproduce asexually, mostly through binary fission: a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_ ### The importance of bacteria Some bacteria can harm people and cause diseases, but most are beneficial. * **Decomposing bacteria**. They feed on organic matter in the soil. They transform it into simple inorganic substances. These are used by plants to produce their food. * **Photosynthetic bacteria**. They release oxygen into the atmosphere and form the basis of many trophic chains. * **Bacteria in the intestinal flora**. These bacteria live inside the digest tract of many animals. They help the animals to digest food and absorb nutrients. * **Bacteria for industrial use**. Some bacteria are used to produce food such as cheese, yogurt, and vinegar. Others are modified to make products including medicines and hormones. --- Microorganisms are living things that can only be seen under a microscope. This group includes organisms from the Monera, Protoctist, and Fungi kingdoms. They are usually unicellular or form colonies of a few cells. Viruses are also classified as microorganisms, although they are not considered living things. Microorganisms are the largest and most diverse group of living things on the planet. The science of studying microorganisms is called microbiology. ### What are the characteristics of bacteria? All bacteria belong to the Monera kingdom. They are the oldest and most numerous organisms on the planet. * All bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes. * They live in all types of places, including those with extreme temperatures or high acidity. Bacteria can be classified according to their shape: * **Cocci:** Spherical. Example: some yogurt bacteria. * **Bacilli:** Rod-shaped. Example: the bacteria that cause tetanus. * **Vibrios:** Curved. Example: the bacteria that cause cholera. * **Spirilla:** Spiral-shaped. Example: the bacteria that cause syphilis.