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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of growth factors in development?
What is the primary function of growth factors in development?
- Stimulating cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (correct)
- Stimulating immune cell production
- Regulating endocrine functions
- Promoting tissue inflammation
How do growth factors typically function in the body?
How do growth factors typically function in the body?
- As neurotransmitters between nerve cells
- Through endocrine signaling to distant organs
- In an autocrine or paracrine manner (correct)
- By acting solely on production cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokines?
Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokines?
- Responsible for cell storage
- Act as hormones in the circulatory system
- Secreted by glandular tissues
- Produced primarily by immune cells (correct)
Which of the following growth factor families is involved in regulating body weight?
Which of the following growth factor families is involved in regulating body weight?
What is a primary function of hormones produced by glands?
What is a primary function of hormones produced by glands?
Which of the following proteins is NOT typically classified as a growth factor?
Which of the following proteins is NOT typically classified as a growth factor?
Which cell types are primarily involved in producing cytokines?
Which cell types are primarily involved in producing cytokines?
Which family of growth factors is specifically mentioned for its role in embryogenesis?
Which family of growth factors is specifically mentioned for its role in embryogenesis?
In what manner do growth factors influence local tissues?
In what manner do growth factors influence local tissues?
Which statement accurately describes canonical FGFs?
Which statement accurately describes canonical FGFs?
What distinguishes non-secreted FGFs from canonical FGFs?
What distinguishes non-secreted FGFs from canonical FGFs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine FGFs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endocrine FGFs?
Which intracellular signaling pathway is NOT activated by FGFs when they bind to their receptors?
Which intracellular signaling pathway is NOT activated by FGFs when they bind to their receptors?
What is a key effect of BMP8B delivery in the central nervous system?
What is a key effect of BMP8B delivery in the central nervous system?
What is the total number of members in the Fibroblast Growth Factor family?
What is the total number of members in the Fibroblast Growth Factor family?
How does FGF21 primarily influence fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis?
How does FGF21 primarily influence fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis?
How do canonical FGFs primarily signal their effects?
How do canonical FGFs primarily signal their effects?
What effect does the overexpression of FGF21 have on body size in mice?
What effect does the overexpression of FGF21 have on body size in mice?
What role does FGF21 specifically play in the context of FGFs?
What role does FGF21 specifically play in the context of FGFs?
Which group includes FGFs that are not secreted from cells?
Which group includes FGFs that are not secreted from cells?
What physiological mechanism is increased as a result of BMP8B's effect on the lateral hypothalamic area?
What physiological mechanism is increased as a result of BMP8B's effect on the lateral hypothalamic area?
During prolonged fasting, which of the following best describes FGF21's role?
During prolonged fasting, which of the following best describes FGF21's role?
Which of the following statements about transforming growth factors (TGF-βs) is true?
Which of the following statements about transforming growth factors (TGF-βs) is true?
What unintended effect might arise from delivering high doses of BMP8B centrally?
What unintended effect might arise from delivering high doses of BMP8B centrally?
Which of the following FGFs is part of the endocrine group?
Which of the following FGFs is part of the endocrine group?
What was the approximate increase in muscle mass when Activin A or Activin B was inhibited?
What was the approximate increase in muscle mass when Activin A or Activin B was inhibited?
Which growth factor is identified as the major negative regulator of muscle mass?
Which growth factor is identified as the major negative regulator of muscle mass?
What was the maximum increase in muscle mass when all three growth factors were inhibited?
What was the maximum increase in muscle mass when all three growth factors were inhibited?
What physiological function did the increase in muscle mass from inhibiting the growth factors improve?
What physiological function did the increase in muscle mass from inhibiting the growth factors improve?
Where is brown adipose tissue (BAT) found in significant amounts in rodents?
Where is brown adipose tissue (BAT) found in significant amounts in rodents?
What role does sympathetic activation play in energy metabolism related to BAT?
What role does sympathetic activation play in energy metabolism related to BAT?
What critical process occurs due to the action of UCP1 in mitochondria?
What critical process occurs due to the action of UCP1 in mitochondria?
How long was it initially believed that brown adipose tissue (BAT) would disappear after in rodents?
How long was it initially believed that brown adipose tissue (BAT) would disappear after in rodents?
What factor is released from lipid droplets during thermogenesis in BAT?
What factor is released from lipid droplets during thermogenesis in BAT?
What is the overall effect of inhibiting all three growth factors studied in the experiment?
What is the overall effect of inhibiting all three growth factors studied in the experiment?
What is the theorized additional resting energy expenditure (REE) contributed by cold activation of brown adipose tissue in an average adult?
What is the theorized additional resting energy expenditure (REE) contributed by cold activation of brown adipose tissue in an average adult?
What was the observed weight loss in adipose tissue if the cold activation of brown adipose tissue is maintained for 30 days?
What was the observed weight loss in adipose tissue if the cold activation of brown adipose tissue is maintained for 30 days?
Which gene is highly expressed in mature brown adipocytes and is suggested to have a thermogenic role?
Which gene is highly expressed in mature brown adipocytes and is suggested to have a thermogenic role?
What effect does cold exposure have on BMP8B expression?
What effect does cold exposure have on BMP8B expression?
What was the outcome for BMP8B knockout (KO) mice when placed on a high-fat diet?
What was the outcome for BMP8B knockout (KO) mice when placed on a high-fat diet?
What effect did the knockout of BMP8B have on food consumption in mice on a high-fat diet?
What effect did the knockout of BMP8B have on food consumption in mice on a high-fat diet?
What central effect does BMP8B have in relation to brown adipose tissue (BAT)?
What central effect does BMP8B have in relation to brown adipose tissue (BAT)?
How does BMP8B influence the responsiveness of brown adipocytes to sympathetic stimulation?
How does BMP8B influence the responsiveness of brown adipocytes to sympathetic stimulation?
What physiological change is observed in BMP8B knockout mice that suggests a decrease in thermogenesis?
What physiological change is observed in BMP8B knockout mice that suggests a decrease in thermogenesis?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of BMP8B in thermogenesis?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of BMP8B in thermogenesis?
Study Notes
Growth Factors Overview
- Growth factors are proteins secreted by most cells affecting various body processes.
- They function primarily in an autocrine or paracrine manner, influencing the cells that produce them or nearby cells.
- Their main roles include stimulating cell growth, differentiation, survival, homeostasis, and tissue repair.
- In development, growth factors control processes such as proliferation and morphogenesis; in adults, they play a role in embryogenesis and organogenesis.
- Key families include IGF, FGF, and TGF-β.
Cytokines
- Cyokines are primarily produced by immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, etc.) and sometimes by fibroblasts.
- They regulate immune responses and cell migration.
- Notable examples include the interleukin family, interferon family, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family.
Hormones
- Hormones are secreted by glands and transported to target cells via the circulatory system.
- They regulate various physiological functions and behaviors.
- Examples include growth hormone, insulin, leptin, and gonadotropins (FSH, LH).
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs)
- Comprise 22 members categorized into three groups:
- Canonical FGFs: True growth factors that act locally.
- Non-secreted FGFs: Lack signal peptides, bind to intracellular receptors, and signal without being secreted.
- Endocrine FGFs: Such as FGF15, FGF21, and FGF23, act on distant target cells.
- FGF21 is a focus due to its implications in body weight regulation.
Signaling Pathways
- FGFs bind to FGF receptors on target cells, activating several intracellular signaling pathways, including STAT, AKT, and MAP kinase.
- These pathways result in the transcription of specific target genes.
Transforming Growth Factors (TGF-βs)
- This is the largest family of growth and differentiation factors, consisting of 34 members.
- Activin A and B negatively regulate muscle mass; experiments show that inhibiting these growth factors increases muscle mass significantly.
BMP8B and Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
- Brown adipose tissue plays a crucial role in thermogenesis.
- Cold exposure activates sympathetic nervous system signaling, leading to enhanced thermogenic processes.
- Activation of BAT could potentially increase resting energy expenditure (REE) significantly and assist in weight management.
- BMP8B, produced by brown adipocytes, increases under cold exposure and impacts thermogenic responses.
BMP8B's Role in Metabolism
- BMP8B influences thermogenesis in BAT by enhancing sympathetic stimulation.
- Research indicates that increasing BMP8B levels centrally reduces AMPK activation, leading to greater sympathetic activation of BAT and weight reduction.
- BMP8B knockout mice displayed increased weight gain and reduced thermogenesis on high-fat diets compared to controls.
FGF21: A Potential Metabolic Regulator
- FGF21 is primarily produced in the liver and involves fuel utilization processes.
- Overexpression leads to increased fatty acid oxidation and ketone production during fasting.
- Mice with elevated FGF21 exhibit smaller body sizes due to growth hormone resistance, highlighting its role in metabolism and body weight regulation.
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Description
This quiz covers Lecture 11 focusing on growth factors and their relationship to body weight. Understand the role of proteins secreted by cells, including cytokines and hormones, and their specific effects on body processes. Test your knowledge and comprehension of these vital biological concepts.