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Questions and Answers
What is a primary use of potassium permanganate?
What is a primary use of potassium permanganate?
Which of the following noble gases is used for high-speed photography?
Which of the following noble gases is used for high-speed photography?
What does technetium-99m primarily serve as?
What does technetium-99m primarily serve as?
Which statement about manganese dioxide is true?
Which statement about manganese dioxide is true?
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What is the chemical nature of the noble gases listed, except for radon?
What is the chemical nature of the noble gases listed, except for radon?
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Which of the following elements is considered the most abundant in the human body by weight?
Which of the following elements is considered the most abundant in the human body by weight?
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What is the chemical formula of sulfuric acid?
What is the chemical formula of sulfuric acid?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of sulfur?
Which of the following is NOT a use of sulfur?
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What is the common term for sulfur trioxide (SO3)?
What is the common term for sulfur trioxide (SO3)?
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Which property is associated with oxygen?
Which property is associated with oxygen?
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What causes hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to have a distinct odor?
What causes hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to have a distinct odor?
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Which allotrope of sulfur is described as crystalline and has the form known as 'flowers of sulfur'?
Which allotrope of sulfur is described as crystalline and has the form known as 'flowers of sulfur'?
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What is the primary action of selenium at toxic doses?
What is the primary action of selenium at toxic doses?
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What is the primary use of Nickel in its alloy form?
What is the primary use of Nickel in its alloy form?
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Which statement accurately describes Palladium?
Which statement accurately describes Palladium?
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What makes Platinum more expensive than Gold?
What makes Platinum more expensive than Gold?
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Which of the following is a side effect of Cisplatin?
Which of the following is a side effect of Cisplatin?
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Which characteristic differentiates Carboplatin from Cisplatin?
Which characteristic differentiates Carboplatin from Cisplatin?
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In which condition is Oxaliplatin considered most effective?
In which condition is Oxaliplatin considered most effective?
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What is the Latin name for Iron, and what does it mean?
What is the Latin name for Iron, and what does it mean?
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Which form of Iron is colorless in its anhydrous state?
Which form of Iron is colorless in its anhydrous state?
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What is the primary characteristic of hydrogen gas?
What is the primary characteristic of hydrogen gas?
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Which process is NOT a method of obtaining hydrogen gas?
Which process is NOT a method of obtaining hydrogen gas?
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Which isotope of hydrogen is known to be radioactive?
Which isotope of hydrogen is known to be radioactive?
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What is one major application of hydrogen in industrial processes?
What is one major application of hydrogen in industrial processes?
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What is the main constituent of alkaline water?
What is the main constituent of alkaline water?
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Which compound is considered the most common and least expensive iron supplement?
Which compound is considered the most common and least expensive iron supplement?
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What is the main function of myoglobin in the human body?
What is the main function of myoglobin in the human body?
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Which of the following is known as an antidote for arsenic poisoning?
Which of the following is known as an antidote for arsenic poisoning?
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What is the main characteristic of cobalt as it pertains to blood formation?
What is the main characteristic of cobalt as it pertains to blood formation?
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Which iron preparation is reported to cause black stool as a common side effect?
Which iron preparation is reported to cause black stool as a common side effect?
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What is the primary use of potassium ferricyanide?
What is the primary use of potassium ferricyanide?
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What does osmium tetroxide primarily serve as in histology?
What does osmium tetroxide primarily serve as in histology?
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Which of the following is the most expensive iron supplement mentioned?
Which of the following is the most expensive iron supplement mentioned?
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Which of the following compounds is known for its use as a disinfectant and has been found to be 2.5 times more effective than chlorine in water disinfection?
Which of the following compounds is known for its use as a disinfectant and has been found to be 2.5 times more effective than chlorine in water disinfection?
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What color is chromic oxide, a compound of chromium?
What color is chromic oxide, a compound of chromium?
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What is the primary use of potassium dichromate?
What is the primary use of potassium dichromate?
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Which element is described as the most reactive and electronegative among them?
Which element is described as the most reactive and electronegative among them?
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What is a potential result of bringing chromium trioxide into contact with organic substances?
What is a potential result of bringing chromium trioxide into contact with organic substances?
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What form of iodine can be used as a local germicide?
What form of iodine can be used as a local germicide?
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What is ammonium chloride commonly used for?
What is ammonium chloride commonly used for?
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Which compound is known to etch glass, resulting in a frosted appearance?
Which compound is known to etch glass, resulting in a frosted appearance?
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What is the main use of tungsten in industry?
What is the main use of tungsten in industry?
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What condition is associated with excessive fluoride exposure?
What condition is associated with excessive fluoride exposure?
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Which compound is used in determination of phosphates?
Which compound is used in determination of phosphates?
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What is the common property of sodium and potassium chlorides?
What is the common property of sodium and potassium chlorides?
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What is the main use of uranyl nitrate in medicine?
What is the main use of uranyl nitrate in medicine?
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Which compound of iodine is noted for its histolytic properties?
Which compound of iodine is noted for its histolytic properties?
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Study Notes
Group VIA - The Oxygen Group
- Group VIA elements include O, S, Se, Te
- These elements are also known as chalcogens, meaning ore-forming
- Oxygen (O)
- Synonyms: "yne" (ancient Chinese), empyreal/fire air (Scheele), dephlogisticated air (Priestley), Oxygen ("acid former") (Lavoisier)
- Diatomic molecule (O2)
- Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas
- 20% by weight of air
- Contributes 8/9 by weight of water
- 3rd most abundant element in the universe
- Most abundant element in the human body by weight
Sulfur (B11.2)
- Synonyms: brimstone, burning stone, phlogiston
- Pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid
- Industrial uses: sulfuric acid production, rubber vulcanization
- Allotropes: crystalline (flowers/sublimed sulfur), rhombic/alpha sulfur, monoclinic/beta sulfur, amorphous, liquid sulfur (plastic sulfur)
- Uses: cathartic, parasiticide (scabies), stimulant (alopecia), fumigation, skin disease treatment
- Preparations: precipitated sulfur, sublimed sulfur, washed sulfur, sulfurated lime solution, alkaline sulfur ointment, compound sulfur ointment
Selenium and Tellurium
- Greek roots: Selene ("moon"), Tellus ("earth")
- Similar to arsenic (intestinal irritation)
- Toxic doses lead to blood vessel paralysis
Group VIB - The Chromium Group
- Group VIB elements include Cr, Mo, W, U
- Chromium (Cr)
- Highly colored compounds
- Uses: steel hardening, corrosion protection
- Compounds: chromium trioxide (chromic anhydride/acid), chromic oxide, chromic hydroxide, chromic nitrate, chromic phosphate, potassium chromate, potassium dichromate
- Uses in tanning, bleaching, treating gastric ulcers, titrimetric analysis of silver compounds
B12.2 Molybdenum (Mo)
- Used in phosphate determination
B12.3 Tungsten (W)
- Used as filaments in light bulbs
B12.4 Uranium (U)
- Radioactive
- Used in treatment of spreading sluggish ulcers, titrimetric analysis of phosphoric acid
Group VIIA - The Fluorine Group
- Group VIIA elements are halogens, meaning "salt-formers"
- Fluorine (F2)
- Pale yellow gas, characteristic odor similar to ozone and chlorine
- Most reactive and electronegative element
- Attacks/etches glass ("frosted surface")
- Uses: antiseptic at low concentrations, preventing dental cavities, water disinfectant.
Chlorine (Cl2)
- Greenish-yellow gas, suffocating odor, astringent taste
- Compounds: sodium hypochlorite (bleaching), hypochlorite ("chlorinated soda"), bleaching powder, chlorine dioxide, hydrochloric acid
- Uses: disinfectants, water treatment, wound irrigation, electrolyte replenishment
Bromine (Br2)
- Dark reddish-brown, unpleasant odor
Iodine (I2)
- Grayish-black solid, metallic luster, characteristic penetrating odor
- Solubility: 1 g dissolves in 2950 mL of water
- Allotropes: red/brown in water, violet in nonpolar solvents (CS2, CCl4, chloroform)
- Used as a disinfectant, counter-irritant.
- Treatment for thyroid disease
B13.4 Iodine
- Grayish-black solid with metallic luster and characteristic odor
- Solubility: 1 g dissolves in 2950 mL of water
- Antidote (if toxic amounts are ingested): cornstarch or sodium thiosulfate
- Synonyms: Lugol's solution, 2% iodine, iodine tincture
Group VIIB - The Manganese Group
- Chemically and geologically related to iron
- Compounds: manganous citrate, manganese dioxide, manganous carbonate, potassium permanganate
Group VIIIA - The Neon Group
- Noble gases: inert, stable, monoatomic
- Compounds: are rare
- All except radon occur in the atmosphere
- Uses: Inert atmospheres, lighting, etc.
B16.1 Nickel (Ni)
- Used extensively in alloys (e.g., utensils, coins, surgical instruments)
B16.2 Palladium (Pd)
- Used as an adsorbent for hydrogen in gas analysis, in alloys
B16.3 Platinum (Pt)
- Resistant to corrosion
- Used in crucibles, dishes, platinum wires
- More expensive jewelry than gold
- Platinum black: finely divided, powerful catalyst
Organoplatinum Compounds
- Cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin
- Anticancer agents
B16.4 Iron (Fe)
- Important metal, widely used
- Exists as ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) salts
B16.5 Cobalt (Co)
- Pinkish-white metal
- Stimulates hematopoiesis (blood cell production)
- Used in pigments (e.g., Rinman's green), antiseptic powders
B16.6 Rhodium (Rh)
- Alloyed with platinum for increased durability
Osmium (Os)
- Heaviest, densest element
- Used in hardening and coloring histological samples
Hydrogen (Hydrogen)
- Colorless, tasteless, odorless gas
- Common name for its gas is "water-producing" (A Lavoisier)
- Reducing agent with Pd, Ni, Pt catalysts
- Used: in Haber process, inflating balloons, hydrogenation, high-temperature production with oxygen
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Description
Test your knowledge on Group VIA elements, including oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. Learn about their properties, synonyms, and industrial applications. Discover why these elements are essential for life and their significance in the universe.
