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Questions and Answers
What is characterized by a series of short-duration spikes in the annual hydrograph of a stream?
What is another name for the surface runoff-flow that travels over the surface as overland flow and through the channels as open-channel flow?
What type of stream becomes dry soon after the end of the storm flow?
What is the classification of interflow based on the time delay between infiltration and outflow?
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What is reflected in the runoff due to the seasonal variation of rainfall?
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What is the term for the flow of water that travels over the surface as overland flow and through the channels as open-channel flow?
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What is characterized by a lack of a well-defined channel?
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What is the term for the flow of water that travels underground and reaches the stream channel?
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What is the response of a stream to a storm?
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What is the term for the flow of water that is delayed between infiltration and outflow?
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Study Notes
Groundwater Process
- Groundwater is derived from precipitation and surface water recharge.
- An artesian well is a free-flowing well, named after the province of Artois in France where many such wells were found.
Subsurface Water
- Water in the soil mantle is called subsurface water.
- The saturated/groundwater zone is the space where all pores are filled with water, and the water table forms its upper limit.
- The water table is the free water surface in an unconfined aquifer.
Zones of the Water Table
- The saturated/groundwater zone has a water table as its upper limit, marking a free surface.
- A perched water table is a water table retained around a localized zone of high permeability.
- If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater comes out to the surface as springs or seepage.
Zones of Soil Pores
- The zone of aeration is where soil pores are only partially filled with water.
Runoff Classification
- Runoff is classified into two based on time delay between precipitation and runoff: direct runoff and groundwater runoff.
- Direct runoff includes surface runoff, prompt interflow, and quick return flow.
- Surface runoff flows over the surface as overland flow and through channels as open-channel flow.
Hydrograph and Stream Flow
- High stream discharges occur during monsoon months, and low flow is maintained during the rest of the year due to base flow.
- The shape of the stream hydrograph and peak flow are controlled by the storm and physical characteristics of the basin.
- Evapotranspiration plays a minor role in this process.
Annual Runoff Volume
- The annual runoff volume of a stream is mainly controlled by the amount of rainfall and evapotranspiration contribution.
Hydrograph Characteristics
- The annual hydrograph of a stream shows a series of short-duration spikes marking flash flows in response to storms.
- The stream becomes dry soon after the end of the storm flow.
- The stream does not have a well-defined channel.
- Seasonal variation of rainfall is clearly reflected in the runoff.
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of groundwater, including its sources, aquifers, and artesian wells.
