Bacterial Infections with Acute Diarrhea
60 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What condition is caused by Clostridium difficile following antibiotic therapy?

  • Gastritis
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Pneumonia
  • Pseudomembranous colitis (correct)

Which phenotype describes Enterococcus faecalis in healthy individuals?

  • Pathogenic regardless of condition
  • Normally non-problematic (correct)
  • High virulence strain
  • Always antibiotic-sensitive

Which of the following groups is at the highest risk for listeriosis from Listeria monocytogenes?

  • Children aged 5-10
  • Athletes
  • Healthy adults
  • Pregnant women (correct)

What is a common characteristic of both Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus faecalis?

<p>They are associated with drug resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of listeriosis if left untreated?

<p>Septicemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infections caused by which bacteria may happen after surgery if they enter blood or wounds?

<p>Enterococcus faecalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for vibrio cholera?

<p>Environmental sources in humid areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with cholera?

<p>Rice water stools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does campylobacter jejuni primarily spread?

<p>Raw poultry and cross-contamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of cholera toxin action in the gut?

<p>Release of electrolytes and water from cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the typical outcome of infection with campylobacter jejuni?

<p>Typically self-limiting with no complications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates vibrio vulnificus from vibrio cholera?

<p>vibrio vulnificus can cause gastroenteritis from raw oysters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contributing factor to the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in the intestine?

<p>Use of broad spectrum antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Clostridium difficile?

<p>Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacillus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic symptom of a Clostridium difficile infection?

<p>Severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to the transmission of Clostridium difficile in nursing homes?

<p>Passing feces from infected individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Listeria monocytogenes from many other bacteria in terms of survival?

<p>Resistance to heat, cold, and bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Listeria monocytogenes typically enter the body?

<p>Ingestion of contaminated food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Listeria monocytogenes particularly dangerous for pregnant women?

<p>It can cross the placenta and affect the fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effective treatment for Clostridium difficile infection?

<p>Fecal transplantation from healthy donors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for cleaning cantaloupes before cutting them?

<p>Scrubbing with soapy water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common source of listeria outbreaks?

<p>Fresh fruits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are pregnant women considered a high-risk group for listeria infections?

<p>Listeria affects fetal development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from a listeria infection in older adults?

<p>Meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae?

<p>Rice-water stools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of Vibrio is associated with consuming contaminated raw seafood?

<p>Vibrio parahaemolyticus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major problem is associated with the growth of listeria in deli meats?

<p>It can grow even in refrigerated conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dairy products has been linked to listeria outbreaks?

<p>Cream cheeses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is listeria monocytogenes typically treated?

<p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is commonly linked to bloody diarrhea after consuming undercooked poultry?

<p>Campylobacter jejuni (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium difficile can lead to chronic constipation if left untreated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enterococcus faecalis is typically harmless in healthy individuals but may cause serious infections if it enters the bloodstream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listeria monocytogenes can cause septicemia primarily in immunocompetent adults.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotic therapy can increase the risk of infection from Clostridium difficile by disrupting gut microflora.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus faecalis are increasingly recognized for their drug resistance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diarrhea is a common initial symptom of listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium difficile is a gram-negative anaerobic bacillus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary symptom of listeria infection is severe diarrhea.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Long-term antibiotic treatment can lead to the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in the intestines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listeria monocytogenes can grow in refrigerated food items.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium difficile infections are easily treated without eliminating the antibiotic causing the issue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fecal transplantation can be an effective treatment for Clostridium difficile infections.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium difficile only affects immunocompromised patients.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consumption of contaminated cantaloupes led to the deadliest listeria outbreak in the United States in 2011.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Washing the outside of a cantaloupe before cutting it helps prevent bacteria from entering the flesh.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listeria can easily grow in refrigerated foods.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pregnant women are considered a low-risk group for listeriosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cooking can destroy Listeria bacteria effectively.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhea that resembles 'rice-water' stools.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Campylobacter jejuni is only associated with causing watery diarrhea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soft cheeses have been identified as particularly problematic for listeria outbreaks.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deli meats are one of the common sources of listeria infections.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is associated with infections from cooked seafood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics are ineffective against Listeria infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vibrio cholera only exists in infected humans and is not found in environmental sources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classic symptom of cholera is known as rice water stools.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Campylobacter jejuni is primarily transmitted through well-cooked poultry.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholera toxin stimulates the release of fluids and electrolytes, leading to dehydration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients infected with Campylobacter jejuni typically experience severe symptoms that always require medical treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vibrio vulnificus can cause infection through both ingestion of contaminated seafood and cuts from handling raw oysters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clostridium difficile

A bacteria causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea, through disrupting gut flora.

Enterococcus faecalis

Gram-positive bacteria, usually harmless in gut, but capable of causing serious infections.

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Diarrhea caused by taking antibiotics which killed competitor gut bacteria allowing other bacteria to grow.

Listeriosis

Foodborne illness caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug Resistance

When bacteria are no longer affected by drugs, meaning medicine is less effective

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pseudomembranous colitis

Inflammation of the colon caused by Clostridium difficile.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Superinfection

An infection that occurs on top of an existing infection, often due to the disruption of the body's natural defenses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fecal transplantation

A treatment for Clostridium difficile infection that involves transferring healthy stool from a donor to the patient's colon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Listeria monocytogenes

A gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacteria that causes listeriosis, a foodborne illness often associated with unpasteurized dairy products, poultry, and prepared meats.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the common sources of Listeria monocytogenes?

Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in unpasteurized dairy products, poultry, prepared meats, and soft cheeses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main symptoms associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection?

The main symptom of Listeriosis is diarrhea, but it can progress to more severe conditions such as meningitis and septicemia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio cholera

A comma-shaped bacterium with flagella that causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease. It's often found in contaminated water and can lead to dehydration and death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cholera toxin

A toxin released by Vibrio cholera that enters intestinal cells and triggers the release of electrolytes and water, leading to severe watery diarrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio parahemolyticus

A type of vibrio bacterium found in saltwater that can cause gastroenteritis, especially from raw seafood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio vulnificus

A vibrio bacterium found in oysters that can cause gastroenteritis and, if it enters a wound, necrotizing fasciitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Campylobacter jejuni

A curved bacterium that causes gastroenteritis, commonly transmitted through undercooked poultry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin

A toxin released by Campylobacter jejuni that causes watery diarrhea, sometimes with blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Foodborne Illness

An illness caused by consuming food contaminated with harmful bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why wash melons before cutting?

Washing the outside of melons with soap and water helps remove bacteria that might be present on the surface, preventing them from contaminating the flesh when you cut into it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

High-Risk Groups for Listeriosis

Pregnant women, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk of developing severe complications from listeriosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does listeriosis spread?

Listeria monocytogenes can be spread through contaminated food, such as deli meats, soft cheeses, and some dairy products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Symptoms of Listeriosis

Symptoms of listeriosis can include fever, muscle aches, headache, nausea, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can lead to meningitis, miscarriage, and even death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Treating Listeriosis

Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics, but the infection can be serious, especially for high-risk groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus

Bacteria that cause watery diarrhea after consuming raw or undercooked seafood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clostridium difficile - diarrhea?

It causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea (pseudomembranous colitis), a type of colitis caused by an overgrowth of the bacteria after antibiotics kill off the gut's natural flora.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enterococcus faecalis - Location?

Normally harmless in the intestines, but can cause serious infections when it gets into the bloodstream, urine, or wounds, often during surgery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Listeria monocytogenes - What does it cause?

Causes listeriosis, a foodborne illness, especially dangerous for pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Drug resistance in gram positive bacteria?

Both Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus faecalis are increasingly becoming resistant to antibiotics, making them harder to treat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Listeriosis?

An illness spread through contaminated food that starts with diarrhea and can progress to septicemia (blood poisoning) and meningitis (brain infection), especially in high-risk groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the signs of Listeriosis?

The main symptom is diarrhea, but it can progress to more serious conditions like septicemia and meningitis, especially in vulnerable individuals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C. difficile and Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea

C. difficile, a spore-forming bacteria in the colon, flourishes when antibiotics kill off competing bacteria, leading to severe diarrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Listeria monocytogenes: Foodborne Illness

Listeria is a bacteria commonly found in food like unpasteurized dairy and deli meats, causing food poisoning (diarrhea) and sometimes more serious infections like meningitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Listeria's Resistance

Listeria is remarkable for its resistance to common food preservation methods like cold, heat, salt, and bile, making it hard to eliminate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Listeria's Infectious Cycle

Listeria enters the body through contaminated food, starts as diarrhea, but can then spread to lymph nodes, blood, and even cause meningitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Causes of Listeriosis Outbreaks

Outbreaks of Listeriosis are typically linked to contaminated food sources like unpasteurized dairy (soft cheeses), poultry, prepared meats, and produce.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio parahemolyticus & Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio bacteria found in saltwater, especially oysters, that can cause less severe gastroenteritis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rice water stools

A classic symptom of cholera, characterized by extremely watery diarrhea with white flecks resembling rice.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Listeria: What are the high-risk groups?

Pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised people are at a higher risk for serious complications from listeria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why wash melons?

Washing the outside of melons before cutting helps remove bacteria that could be on the surface, preventing contamination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does listeria grow?

Listeria can grow in the fridge, even in salty foods like bologna.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does listeria spread?

It spreads through contaminated food, like deli meats, soft cheeses, and some dairy products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio Bacteria: Where is it found?

Vibrio bacteria are found in contaminated water and raw seafood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Campylobacter jejuni: What does it cause?

It causes diarrhea, usually from eating undercooked poultry.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio cholera: What does it cause?

Causes cholera, a serious diarrheal disease, often from contaminated water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus: What do they affect?

They cause diarrhea after consuming raw or undercooked seafood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the symptoms of listeriosis?

Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, muscle aches, headache, and nausea. In severe cases, it can lead to meningitis and death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Gram-Positive Bacteria Causing Acute Diarrhea

  • Clostridium difficile:
    • Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus.
    • Normal resident of the colon in low numbers.
    • Antibiotic treatment kills competing gut flora, allowing C. difficile to multiply.
    • Produces toxins causing pseudomembranous colitis (antibiotic-associated colitis).
    • Symptoms: severe diarrhea, cramps, fever.
    • Transmission: ingestion of contaminated feces, superinfection (antibiotic use).
    • High-risk individuals are those on long-term antibiotics or in nursing homes.
    • Treatment involves removing antibiotics, using targeted antibiotics for anaerobes, and probiotics.
    • Fecal transplantation can restore gut flora in severe cases.
  • Listeria monocytogenes:
    • Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacillus.
    • Foodborne pathogen.
    • Found in soil and water.
    • Resistant to cold, heat, salt, and bile.
    • Consuming contaminated foods (unpasteurized dairy, poultry, prepared meats) causes listeriosis.
    • Symptoms: primarily diarrhea which may progress to septicemia, meningitis.
    • High-risk groups: pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, elderly.
    • Often linked to produce outbreaks (e.g., cantaloupes).
    • Important to wash produce thoroughly and avoid cross-contamination.
    • Treatment: antibiotics, but complications and death possible in high-risk groups.

Gram-Negative Vibrios Causing Acute Diarrhea

  • Vibrio cholera:

    • Gram-negative, curved bacillus.
    • Causes cholera, characterized by severe watery diarrhea (rice-water stools) from contaminated water or food.
    • Releases cholera toxin, causing electrolyte and water loss.
    • Transmission is common in areas with poor sanitation.
    • Symptoms: severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, muscle cramps, circulatory collapse.
    • Treatment involves immediate rehydration therapy and antibiotics.

  • Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus:

    • Gram-negative, curved bacilli.
    • Commonly associated with raw seafood (oysters).
    • Causes watery diarrhea.
    • V. vulnificus can cause severe tissue damage (necrotizing fasciitis) if ingested or if exposure is through wound.
    • Usually self-limiting with good prognosis.

  • Campylobacter jejuni:

    • Gram-negative, curved bacillus.
    • Often linked to raw poultry and unpasteurized dairy products.
    • Causes bloody or watery diarrhea.
    • Symptoms: headache, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting.
    • Usually self-limiting.

Enterics: Gram-Negative Bacilli Causing Acute Diarrhea

  • Enterobacteriaceae Family:
    • Gram-negative bacilli.
    • Found in intestines of humans and animals.
    • Transmitted via fecal-oral route (contaminated food, water).
    • Common cause of diarrheal illnesses.
  • Escherichia coli (E. coli):
    • Fecal coliform, lactose fermenter (pink colonies on MacConkey agar).
    • Many strains are non-pathogenic, but some cause diarrheal illness.
    • Types of pathogenic E. coli:
      • Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC): causes traveler's diarrhea, infant diarrhea (watery).
      • Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC): causes bloody diarrhea, invades intestinal cells.
      • Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC): causes chronic and infantile diarrhea, non-invasive.
      • Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC): causes bloody diarrhea and severe complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).
  • Salmonella:
    • Non-coliform, non-lactose fermenter (clear colonies on MacConkey).
    • Many serotypes, including Salmonella Typhi (causes typhoid fever).
    • Typhoid fever: often spread by human-to-human contact and is a concern in developing countries.
    • Other strains cause salmonellosis, common in foodborne illnesses
  • Shigella:
    • Non-coliform, non-motile, non-lactose fermenter (clear colonies on MacConkey).
    • Causes dysentery, characterized by severe abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea.
    • Mostly found in developing countries.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the characteristics and implications of gram-positive bacteria responsible for acute diarrhea, focusing on Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes. Learn about their modes of transmission, symptoms, high-risk populations, and treatment options. This quiz provides valuable insights into the management of these pathogens.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser