Grade 4 Review Sheet: The Midwest Chapter 4

4th Quarter Examination Review Sheet

• The 4th Quarter Examination is scheduled for May 28, 2024, and consists of three types of tests: Vocabulary (8 points), Multiple Choice (15 points), and Essay (20 points), totaling 43 points.

Chapter 4: The Midwest

• Lesson 2: Pathways of the Plains
• Lesson 3: Building Cities

Chapter 5: The Southwest

• Lesson 1: The Landscape of the Southwest
• Lesson 2: Spanish Arrivals

Key Terms

Geography

• Buttes: a flat-topped rock hill with steep sides and is taller than it is wide.
• Arroyos: a watercourse (such as a creek) in an arid region, often a water-carved gully or channel.

History

• Missions: explicitly established for the purpose of religious conversion and instruction in the Catholic faith, but also served as the primary means of integrating Indians into the political and economic structure of Florida's colonial system.
• Presidio: a garrisoned place, especially a military post or fortified settlement in areas currently or originally under Spanish control.

Society

• Reservation: a tract of land set aside by a government to house a certain group of people.
• Discrimination: unfair treatment of one particular person or group of people.

Industry

• Assembly line: an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in direct line until the product is assembled.

Important Historical Figures

• Tecumseh was a Shawnee who opposed the settlement of Native American lands in the Northwest Territory.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The Lewis and Clark expedition resulted in the size of the United States being doubled.
• A water route to the Pacific Ocean was mapped during the expedition.

The Northwest Ordinance

• The Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.
• The ordinance ensured that American settlers did not take land from Native Americans without their permission.

Mistreatment of Native Americans

• Native Americans were forced to help build railroads that often ran through their own land.
• Despite a treaty, Americans settled on Native American land in the Black Hills after gold was discovered.

Treaty of Greenville

• The Treaty of Greenville was signed in 1795 between the United States and Native Americans.

Pioneers and Survival

• Pioneers had to use their own skills to survive, such as packing tools to make wagon repairs along the trail.

The Expedition of Marquette and Jolliet

• Marquette and Jolliet were the first European settlers in the Midwest region of the United States.
• An expedition is a journey made for a specific reason.

Comparison of Expeditions

• The expeditions of Marquette and Jolliet and Lewis and Clark were similar in that they were all journeys made for a specific reason.
• The expeditions differed in their specific goals and routes taken.

Waterways in the Midwest

• The Illinois and Michigan Canal was completed in Illinois in 1848.
• Canals and rivers connect the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, enabling trade with other parts of the world.
• The Great Lakes border eight states in the United States.

Steel vs. Iron

• Steel is stronger and heavier than iron.

The Great Chicago Fire

• The iron ore industry grew as demand for steel increased after the fire.
• Steel was used to rebuild Chicago instead of wood.

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

• Henry Ford started the Ford Motor Company in Michigan in 1903.
• The company built the Model T automobile in 1908 using an assembly line.
• An assembly line is a system where workers assemble the same part of each product as it reaches their spot on the line.
• This allows for mass production of automobiles in a short amount of time.

Immigrants in the Midwest

• Immigrants who spoke the same language often moved to the same places.
• Immigrants brought traditions from their original countries with them.

African Americans in the Midwest

• Many African Americans faced discrimination even after moving to the Midwest.
• They were discouraged from moving into certain areas.
• Evidence from the text suggests that they were not welcomed in established neighborhoods.

People Coming to the Midwest

• People came to the Midwest from other places, attracted by job opportunities in factories.
• Examples include people who traveled by boat, railroad, and car to get to the Midwest.

Oklahoma

• Oklahoma's southern border is formed by the Pecos River.
• The western part of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains.
• Oklahoma reaches the farthest south among the Southwestern states.

Colorado Plateau

• Ponderosa pine and spruce trees thrive on the Colorado Plateau due to the area's high elevation.
• The area's high elevation allows the trees to grow tall.

Monument Valley, Arizona

• Monument Valley is located on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona.
• Mesas are steep mountains with flat tops.
• Buttes are narrow towers of rock formed by wind and rain wearing away the sides of a mesa.

Navajo

• The Navajo lived in homes called hogans, often made of wood and clay.
• They developed and grew 24 different kinds of corn and grew squash, beans, and pumpkins.

Southwestern Native American Groups

• The Hopi lived in adobe dwellings that stayed cool.
• The Pueblo descended from the Ancient Puebloans.

Colorado River

• The Colorado River is a major source of fresh water for the Southwest region.
• It serves as a home for various Native American groups.

Southwest Region

• The Southwest region is considered "harsh" due to the hot, dry desert conditions.
• The region's cold winters and cool summers also contribute to its harsh environment.

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's Expedition

• Goal: to find the seven cities of gold

Spanish Missionaries and Native Americans

• Native Americans did not often have a choice and were forced to convert and labor for the mission
• Evidence of unfair treatment: forced conversions and labor

Mission System

• Three key parts:
  • Mission: place to worship and educate people
  • Presidio: fort with soldiers to protect the mission and enforce its rules
  • Town and fields: grew food and kept the mission supplied
• Presidio: a military structure that housed soldiers who guarded nearby missions

Native American Revolt against Spanish

• Reasons for revolt:
  • Wanted to return to their way of life before Spanish arrival
  • Wanted Spanish off their land

Historical Figures

• Francisco Vázquez de Coronado: explorer who searched for cities of gold
• Popé: Pueblo who led a revolt
• Eusebio Francisco Kino: missionary who made maps
• Miguel Hidalgo: priest who fought for Mexican independence

Fight for Independence in New Spain

• Reasons for fighting:
  • People born in New Spain were considered lower class and had fewer chances to earn money
  • Europeans born in Spain were favored, holding top offices in church and government
  • Spain controlled trade in New Spain to protect its economy

Ranchos

• A rancho was a type of settlement
• Work done on a rancho: not specified in the text