Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary location of the gonadal ridges?
What is the primary location of the gonadal ridges?
What is the function of anti-Mullerian hormone in male development?
What is the function of anti-Mullerian hormone in male development?
What is the common structure that both male (Mullerian) and female (Wolffian) ducts empty into initially?
What is the common structure that both male (Mullerian) and female (Wolffian) ducts empty into initially?
What is the ligament that descends on each side of the abdomen from the inferior pole of the gonad?
What is the ligament that descends on each side of the abdomen from the inferior pole of the gonad?
Signup and view all the answers
At which week of development do the testes descend?
At which week of development do the testes descend?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure that forms in the gonadal ridge and joins the Wolffian duct via efferent ductules?
What is the structure that forms in the gonadal ridge and joins the Wolffian duct via efferent ductules?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism by which prostaglandins stimulate contractions during labour?
What is the primary mechanism by which prostaglandins stimulate contractions during labour?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which the testes descend?
What is the process by which the testes descend?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of collagenolysis in the cervix during labour?
What is the result of collagenolysis in the cervix during labour?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of gap junctions in myometrial ripening?
What is the role of gap junctions in myometrial ripening?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the structure that separates into the urogenital sinus and anal canal in males and the urethra, vagina, and anus in females?
What is the structure that separates into the urogenital sinus and anal canal in males and the urethra, vagina, and anus in females?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of Ferguson's reflex during labour?
What is the primary function of Ferguson's reflex during labour?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the mucus plug in the cervix?
What is the purpose of the mucus plug in the cervix?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following peptides is responsible for stimulating the release of FSH from the pituitary gland?
Which of the following peptides is responsible for stimulating the release of FSH from the pituitary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of rupture of the membranes during labour?
What is the result of rupture of the membranes during labour?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between the beta subunit of LH and hCG?
What is the difference between the beta subunit of LH and hCG?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of prostaglandins in cervical ripening?
What is the role of prostaglandins in cervical ripening?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum in pregnancy?
Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum in pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of oxytocin on uterine contractions?
What is the effect of oxytocin on uterine contractions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of FSH in males?
What is the primary function of FSH in males?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the alpha subunit in gonadotrophins?
What is the primary function of the alpha subunit in gonadotrophins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of inhibin in males?
What is the primary function of inhibin in males?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for stimulating the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturity?
Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for stimulating the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of relaxin in females?
What is the primary function of relaxin in females?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of Relaxin on the body?
What is the primary effect of Relaxin on the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the inhibition of milk synthesis during pregnancy?
What is the primary reason for the inhibition of milk synthesis during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the removal of milk from the gland?
What is the term for the removal of milk from the gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the breast during pregnancy?
What is the primary effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the breast during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate time frame for the GI changes to revert?
What is the approximate time frame for the GI changes to revert?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the initiation of milk secretion in alveoli?
What is the term for the initiation of milk secretion in alveoli?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of melanocyte-stimulated hormone?
What is the primary effect of melanocyte-stimulated hormone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of the decrease in estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin after delivery?
What is the primary effect of the decrease in estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin after delivery?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of prolactin in lactation?
What is the primary function of prolactin in lactation?
Signup and view all the answers
During pregnancy, which hormonal system experiences hypertrophy?
During pregnancy, which hormonal system experiences hypertrophy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary trigger for lactogenesis?
What is the primary trigger for lactogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is responsible for the release of oxytocin during lactation?
Which is responsible for the release of oxytocin during lactation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary requirement for normal human growth?
What is the primary requirement for normal human growth?
Signup and view all the answers
During which stage of lactation is the breast capable of producing large amounts of milk?
During which stage of lactation is the breast capable of producing large amounts of milk?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of estradiol during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of estradiol during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of hPL during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of hPL during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of aromatase in the granulosa cells?
What is the primary function of aromatase in the granulosa cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of luteal progesterone in the female reproductive system?
What is the role of luteal progesterone in the female reproductive system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for inducing female secondary sexual characteristics?
Which hormone is responsible for inducing female secondary sexual characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)?
What is the primary function of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of LH in the female reproductive system?
What is the role of LH in the female reproductive system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of progestagens?
What is the primary function of progestagens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for influencing sexual and aggressive behaviour in both males and females?
Which hormone is responsible for influencing sexual and aggressive behaviour in both males and females?
Signup and view all the answers
What bones make up the posterior wall of the pelvis?
What bones make up the posterior wall of the pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure connects the pubis to the anococcygeal body?
What structure connects the pubis to the anococcygeal body?
Signup and view all the answers
What nerve re-enters behind and underneath the pelvic floor?
What nerve re-enters behind and underneath the pelvic floor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the levator ani muscles?
What is the function of the levator ani muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of injury to the pelvic floor?
What is the result of injury to the pelvic floor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?
What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the iliococcygeus muscle?
What is the function of the iliococcygeus muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?
What is the composition of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia?
What is the primary effect of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of Cryptorchidism?
What is the primary characteristic of Cryptorchidism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of Holoprosencephaly?
What is the primary cause of Holoprosencephaly?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of Gastroschisis?
What is the primary effect of Gastroschisis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary risk associated with Cryptorchidism?
What is the primary risk associated with Cryptorchidism?
Signup and view all the answers
At what stage of development does the fertilization occur?
At what stage of development does the fertilization occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of a Hydatidiform Mole?
What is the primary characteristic of a Hydatidiform Mole?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of a Hydatidiform Mole?
What is the primary effect of a Hydatidiform Mole?
Signup and view all the answers
During gut rotation, which part of the intestine undergoes mesentery shortening or fusion with the posterior abdominal wall?
During gut rotation, which part of the intestine undergoes mesentery shortening or fusion with the posterior abdominal wall?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of a pluripotent stem cell?
What is the primary characteristic of a pluripotent stem cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a body wall defect that occurs to the right of the umbilical cord?
What is the term for a body wall defect that occurs to the right of the umbilical cord?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of stem cells in a research laboratory?
What is the primary function of stem cells in a research laboratory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the key feature of undifferentiated stem cells?
What is the key feature of undifferentiated stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of regenerative medicine?
What is the primary goal of regenerative medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
During gut rotation, what happens to the mesentery of the small intestine?
During gut rotation, what happens to the mesentery of the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of stem cells in tissue engineering?
What is the primary role of stem cells in tissue engineering?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the method that combines using a condom and a pill?
What is the method that combines using a condom and a pill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of attending a review if a woman using a diaphragm or cap gains or loses over 7lbs in weight?
What is the purpose of attending a review if a woman using a diaphragm or cap gains or loses over 7lbs in weight?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of missing a pill and not taking it within 12 hours?
What is the result of missing a pill and not taking it within 12 hours?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of oestrogen in combined hormonal pills?
What is the purpose of oestrogen in combined hormonal pills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of taking combined hormonal pills followed by a break?
What is the duration of taking combined hormonal pills followed by a break?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the risk of taking combined hormonal pills late?
What is the risk of taking combined hormonal pills late?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of progesterone in combined hormonal pills?
What is the effect of progesterone in combined hormonal pills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of combined hormonal pills?
What is the primary mechanism of action of combined hormonal pills?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of live births have some congenital defect?
What percentage of live births have some congenital defect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of congenital defects in about 70% of all birth defects?
What is the primary cause of congenital defects in about 70% of all birth defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?
What is a characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common type of congenital defect?
What is the most common type of congenital defect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of gut malrotation?
What is a consequence of gut malrotation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?
What is the function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of stem cells?
What is a characteristic of stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of maternal ingestion of Accutane during pregnancy?
What is the effect of maternal ingestion of Accutane during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a body wall defect that occurs to the right of the umbilical cord?
What is the term for a body wall defect that occurs to the right of the umbilical cord?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between the male and female pelvic inlet?
What is the difference between the male and female pelvic inlet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate percentage of congenital defects that are caused by genetic or chromosomal factors?
What is the approximate percentage of congenital defects that are caused by genetic or chromosomal factors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine?
What is the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the ligaments?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the ligaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the gubernaculum in the development of the ovaries?
What is the role of the gubernaculum in the development of the ovaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the cloaca splitting during embryonic development?
What is the result of the cloaca splitting during embryonic development?
Signup and view all the answers
During gut rotation, what happens to the mesentery of the small intestine?
During gut rotation, what happens to the mesentery of the small intestine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of the anterior wall of the pelvis?
What is the composition of the anterior wall of the pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the failure of the umbilicus to close completely, combined with failure of the midgut to herniate back into the abdominal cavity fully?
What is the term for the failure of the umbilicus to close completely, combined with failure of the midgut to herniate back into the abdominal cavity fully?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the broad ligament in relation to the ovaries?
What is the significance of the broad ligament in relation to the ovaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the shape of the female pelvic cavity?
What is the shape of the female pelvic cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?
What is the function of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of stem cells?
What is a characteristic of stem cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between the male and female pelvic outlet?
What is the difference between the male and female pelvic outlet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the axis of the pelvis?
What is the axis of the pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if women consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily?
What percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if women consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily?
Signup and view all the answers
During which weeks of gestation is there an increased risk of birth defects?
During which weeks of gestation is there an increased risk of birth defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of live births are affected by major congenital defects?
What percentage of live births are affected by major congenital defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the anomaly that requires medical or surgical treatment and causes a significant disability?
What is the term for the anomaly that requires medical or surgical treatment and causes a significant disability?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate percentage of anomalies that do not require intervention and cause minimum handicap?
What is the approximate percentage of anomalies that do not require intervention and cause minimum handicap?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the risk of having a major malformation if a minor anomaly is present?
What is the risk of having a major malformation if a minor anomaly is present?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of a major defect that is classified as rarely life-threatening?
What is an example of a major defect that is classified as rarely life-threatening?
Signup and view all the answers
During which weeks of gestation does the fetal period occur?
During which weeks of gestation does the fetal period occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimum time required between two vaccinations of the same type?
What is the minimum time required between two vaccinations of the same type?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of a population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?
What percentage of a population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why some parents choose not to vaccinate their children?
What is the primary reason why some parents choose not to vaccinate their children?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of vaccine was responsible for causing whooping cough?
What type of vaccine was responsible for causing whooping cough?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of vaccine design?
What is the primary goal of vaccine design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between active and passive immunization?
What is the difference between active and passive immunization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of an adjuvant in vaccine design?
What is the purpose of an adjuvant in vaccine design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary feature of a neutralizing antibody?
What is the primary feature of a neutralizing antibody?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate percentage of neural tube defects that could be prevented if women consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily?
What is the approximate percentage of neural tube defects that could be prevented if women consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily?
Signup and view all the answers
During which period of gestation is there an increased risk of birth defects?
During which period of gestation is there an increased risk of birth defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the percentage of live births affected by major congenital defects?
What is the percentage of live births affected by major congenital defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the risk of having a major malformation if a minor anomaly is present?
What is the risk of having a major malformation if a minor anomaly is present?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of a major defect that is rarely life-threatening?
What is an example of a major defect that is rarely life-threatening?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process by which the cloaca splits into urethra, vagina, and rectum?
What is the process by which the cloaca splits into urethra, vagina, and rectum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate percentage of congenital defects that are caused by genetic or chromosomal factors?
What is the approximate percentage of congenital defects that are caused by genetic or chromosomal factors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the leading cause of infant mortality?
What is the leading cause of infant mortality?
Signup and view all the answers
Around what percentage of live births have some congenital defect?
Around what percentage of live births have some congenital defect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why the incidence of some birth defects has reduced while others have increased?
What is the primary reason why the incidence of some birth defects has reduced while others have increased?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism by which the abdominal contents leak outside in a gastroschisis?
What is the primary mechanism by which the abdominal contents leak outside in a gastroschisis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary risk associated with cryptorchidism?
What is the primary risk associated with cryptorchidism?
Signup and view all the answers
During which week of development do the embryoblasts differentiate into two layers?
During which week of development do the embryoblasts differentiate into two layers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the trophoblasts during week two of development?
What is the characteristic of the trophoblasts during week two of development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of a hydatidiform mole?
What is the characteristic of a hydatidiform mole?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism that contributes to the increase in plasma volume during early pregnancy?
What is the primary mechanism that contributes to the increase in plasma volume during early pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of the increase in plasma volume on haemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy?
What is the effect of the increase in plasma volume on haemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following changes occurs in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
Which of the following changes occurs in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pattern of increase in blood volume during pregnancy?
What is the pattern of increase in blood volume during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the increase in plasma volume during pregnancy?
What is the significance of the increase in plasma volume during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of infiltrating leucocytes in the immune system?
What is the function of infiltrating leucocytes in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of placental size less than 2.5 cm?
What is the significance of placental size less than 2.5 cm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the indication of a thick ring of membranes on the fetal surface of the placenta?
What is the indication of a thick ring of membranes on the fetal surface of the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of retained placental tissue?
What is the consequence of retained placental tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of a darker than normal maternal surface of the placenta?
What is the significance of a darker than normal maternal surface of the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
During the fetal development, what is the primary function of the placenta?
During the fetal development, what is the primary function of the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the lungs of a fetus during the first week of age?
What happens to the lungs of a fetus during the first week of age?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the secretion of surfactant by the fetus?
What is the significance of the secretion of surfactant by the fetus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the chest compression during the birth process?
What is the result of the chest compression during the birth process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the accumulation of fat and glycogen by the fetus before birth?
What is the significance of the accumulation of fat and glycogen by the fetus before birth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the increased tendency to clot during pregnancy?
What is the primary reason for the increased tendency to clot during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the leading cause of direct deaths in pregnancy?
What is the leading cause of direct deaths in pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of pregnancy on plasma haemoglobin concentration?
What is the effect of pregnancy on plasma haemoglobin concentration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of increased plasma volume during pregnancy?
What is the result of increased plasma volume during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of pregnancy on blood pressure?
What is the effect of pregnancy on blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the increased oxygen consumption during pregnancy?
What is the primary reason for the increased oxygen consumption during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of increased alveolar ventilation during pregnancy?
What is the result of increased alveolar ventilation during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of pregnancy on platelet count?
What is the effect of pregnancy on platelet count?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of pregnancy on fibrinogen and clotting factors?
What is the effect of pregnancy on fibrinogen and clotting factors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the prevalence of Thrombosis and Thromboembolism in women under 35 years of age?
What is the prevalence of Thrombosis and Thromboembolism in women under 35 years of age?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism by which glucose is transferred across the placenta?
What is the primary mechanism by which glucose is transferred across the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of granulosa cells in the luteal phase?
What is the primary function of granulosa cells in the luteal phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of human placental lactogen (hPL) in the maternal body?
What is the function of human placental lactogen (hPL) in the maternal body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the burst of LH and FSH in the ovulatory phase?
What is the primary reason for the burst of LH and FSH in the ovulatory phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why the fetus is not rejected by the maternal immune system?
What is the primary reason why the fetus is not rejected by the maternal immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the developing placenta during fertilization?
What is the primary function of the developing placenta during fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of relaxin in preparation for birth?
What is the primary function of relaxin in preparation for birth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary factor that determines the rate of diffusion across the placenta?
What is the primary factor that determines the rate of diffusion across the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of type B spermatogonia in spermatogenesis?
What is the primary function of type B spermatogonia in spermatogenesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of insulin-like growth factors produced by the placenta?
What is the function of insulin-like growth factors produced by the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of oestrogen during the ovulatory phase?
What is the primary function of oestrogen during the ovulatory phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the placenta in regulating maternal blood glucose levels?
What is the primary function of the placenta in regulating maternal blood glucose levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?
What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism by which large proteins and cells are transferred across the placenta?
What is the primary mechanism by which large proteins and cells are transferred across the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of hCG during fertilization?
What is the primary function of hCG during fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of prostaglandins in inducing cervical ripening?
What is the primary mechanism of prostaglandins in inducing cervical ripening?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of prostaglandins in myometrial ripening?
What is the role of prostaglandins in myometrial ripening?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the stimulus for the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary?
What is the stimulus for the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of prostaglandins on oxytocin receptors?
What is the result of prostaglandins on oxytocin receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the mucus plug?
What is the primary function of the mucus plug?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of cervical tissue after ripening?
What is the characteristic of cervical tissue after ripening?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of Ferguson's reflex in labour?
What is the role of Ferguson's reflex in labour?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of prostaglandins on myometrial contractions?
What is the effect of prostaglandins on myometrial contractions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which hormone is responsible for relaxation of ligaments during pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for relaxation of ligaments during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of melanocyte-stimulated hormone during pregnancy?
What is the primary effect of melanocyte-stimulated hormone during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of estrogen during lactation?
What is the primary function of estrogen during lactation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the inhibition of milk synthesis during pregnancy?
What is the primary reason for the inhibition of milk synthesis during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of breast anatomy?
What is the primary characteristic of breast anatomy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of prolactin during lactation?
What is the primary function of prolactin during lactation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of progesterone on lactation?
What is the primary effect of progesterone on lactation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of mamogenesis during pregnancy?
What is the primary characteristic of mamogenesis during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average age of menopause in the UK?
What is the average age of menopause in the UK?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of the UK population is post-menopausal?
What percentage of the UK population is post-menopausal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the time leading up to and around menopause?
What is the term for the time leading up to and around menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of short-term symptoms and long-term sequelae in menopause?
What is the primary cause of short-term symptoms and long-term sequelae in menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the long-term consequence of menopause on the cardiovascular system?
What is the long-term consequence of menopause on the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the long-term skeletal consequence of menopause?
What is the name of the long-term skeletal consequence of menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the skin during menopause?
What is the characteristic of the skin during menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the loss of bone density in the vertebrae during menopause?
What is the term for the loss of bone density in the vertebrae during menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the cortical granule exocytosis in a sperm during fertilization?
What triggers the cortical granule exocytosis in a sperm during fertilization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which the fertilized ovum travels down the oviduct and becomes a zygote?
What is the term for the process by which the fertilized ovum travels down the oviduct and becomes a zygote?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the stage at which the blastocyst differentiates into two cell populations, namely trophoblast precursors and pluriblast cells?
What is the name of the stage at which the blastocyst differentiates into two cell populations, namely trophoblast precursors and pluriblast cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst frees itself from the zona pellucida?
What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst frees itself from the zona pellucida?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the establishment of physical and nutritional contact between the conceptus and the mother?
What is the term for the establishment of physical and nutritional contact between the conceptus and the mother?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the signals sent by the conceptus to the mother to prevent luteal regression?
What is the term for the signals sent by the conceptus to the mother to prevent luteal regression?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the outer layer of the blastocyst that will give rise to the placenta?
What is the term for the outer layer of the blastocyst that will give rise to the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst positions itself within the uterine cavity?
What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst positions itself within the uterine cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of breastfeeding in terms of cancer risk reduction for the mother?
What is the main advantage of breastfeeding in terms of cancer risk reduction for the mother?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the potential problem with breastfeeding if the mother cannot measure the amount of milk the baby is getting?
What is the potential problem with breastfeeding if the mother cannot measure the amount of milk the baby is getting?
Signup and view all the answers
During which week of development do the major organ systems begin to take shape?
During which week of development do the major organ systems begin to take shape?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the CHIN method in breastfeeding positioning?
What is the significance of the CHIN method in breastfeeding positioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of incorrect positioning during breastfeeding?
What is the consequence of incorrect positioning during breastfeeding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the pharyngeal arches in embryonic development?
What is the significance of the pharyngeal arches in embryonic development?
Signup and view all the answers
During which week of development do the limbs start to form?
During which week of development do the limbs start to form?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the neural tube closure in embryonic development?
What is the significance of the neural tube closure in embryonic development?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the role of oestrogen in the ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle.
Describe the role of oestrogen in the ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle.
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the process of spermatogenesis, highlighting the role of Sertoli cells and meiosis.
Explain the process of spermatogenesis, highlighting the role of Sertoli cells and meiosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the changes that occur in the ovary during the luteal phase, highlighting the role of granulosa cells.
Describe the changes that occur in the ovary during the luteal phase, highlighting the role of granulosa cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the process of fertilisation and implantation, highlighting the role of the developing placenta.
Explain the process of fertilisation and implantation, highlighting the role of the developing placenta.
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the role of LH in the female reproductive cycle, highlighting its significance in the ovulatory phase.
Describe the role of LH in the female reproductive cycle, highlighting its significance in the ovulatory phase.
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the process of meiosis I and meiosis II in the oocyte, highlighting the significance of each phase.
Explain the process of meiosis I and meiosis II in the oocyte, highlighting the significance of each phase.
Signup and view all the answers
Describe the role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle, highlighting its significance in the luteal phase.
Describe the role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle, highlighting its significance in the luteal phase.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments in maintaining the pelvic structure?
What is the primary function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments in maintaining the pelvic structure?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain the process of spermiogenesis, highlighting the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa.
Explain the process of spermiogenesis, highlighting the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa.
Signup and view all the answers
How do the dimensions of the pelvic inlet and outlet differ between males and females?
How do the dimensions of the pelvic inlet and outlet differ between males and females?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the ligaments of the pelvis, and what is the resulting impact on the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet?
What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the ligaments of the pelvis, and what is the resulting impact on the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of the anterior wall of the pelvis, and what is its significance in the overall structure of the pelvis?
What is the composition of the anterior wall of the pelvis, and what is its significance in the overall structure of the pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the axis of the pelvis in relation to childbirth, and how does it relate to the course taken by the baby's head during delivery?
What is the significance of the axis of the pelvis in relation to childbirth, and how does it relate to the course taken by the baby's head during delivery?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between the greater and lesser pelvis, and what is the significance of each in the overall structure of the pelvis?
What is the difference between the greater and lesser pelvis, and what is the significance of each in the overall structure of the pelvis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the sacroiliac ligaments in maintaining the stability of the pelvis, and how do they relate to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?
What is the role of the sacroiliac ligaments in maintaining the stability of the pelvis, and how do they relate to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of injuries to the pelvic floor leading to prolapse of the pelvic viscera, and what is the significance of this in relation to overall pelvic health?
What is the consequence of injuries to the pelvic floor leading to prolapse of the pelvic viscera, and what is the significance of this in relation to overall pelvic health?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of hot flushes and night sweats in menopausal women?
What is the primary cause of hot flushes and night sweats in menopausal women?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected increase in the UK population of post-menopausal women by 2020?
What is the expected increase in the UK population of post-menopausal women by 2020?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average age of menopause in women?
What is the average age of menopause in women?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the long-term consequence of menopause on the cardiovascular system?
What is the long-term consequence of menopause on the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in menopausal women?
What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in menopausal women?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for the transitional phase leading up to menopause?
What is the term for the transitional phase leading up to menopause?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the prevalence of premature menopause in women under 40 years?
What is the prevalence of premature menopause in women under 40 years?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the short-term psychological symptom of menopause?
What is the short-term psychological symptom of menopause?
Signup and view all the answers