HD

What is the primary location of the gonadal ridges?

What is the function of anti-Mullerian hormone in male development?

What is the common structure that both male (Mullerian) and female (Wolffian) ducts empty into initially?

What is the ligament that descends on each side of the abdomen from the inferior pole of the gonad?

At which week of development do the testes descend?

What is the structure that forms in the gonadal ridge and joins the Wolffian duct via efferent ductules?

What is the primary mechanism by which prostaglandins stimulate contractions during labour?

What is the process by which the testes descend?

What is the result of collagenolysis in the cervix during labour?

What is the role of gap junctions in myometrial ripening?

What is the structure that separates into the urogenital sinus and anal canal in males and the urethra, vagina, and anus in females?

What is the primary function of Ferguson's reflex during labour?

What is the purpose of the mucus plug in the cervix?

Which of the following peptides is responsible for stimulating the release of FSH from the pituitary gland?

What is the result of rupture of the membranes during labour?

What is the difference between the beta subunit of LH and hCG?

What is the role of prostaglandins in cervical ripening?

Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum in pregnancy?

What is the effect of oxytocin on uterine contractions?

What is the primary function of FSH in males?

What is the primary function of the alpha subunit in gonadotrophins?

What is the primary function of inhibin in males?

Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for stimulating the growth of immature Graafian follicles to maturity?

What is the primary function of relaxin in females?

What is the primary effect of Relaxin on the body?

What is the primary reason for the inhibition of milk synthesis during pregnancy?

What is the term for the removal of milk from the gland?

What is the primary effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the breast during pregnancy?

What is the approximate time frame for the GI changes to revert?

What is the term for the initiation of milk secretion in alveoli?

What is the primary effect of melanocyte-stimulated hormone?

What is the primary effect of the decrease in estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin after delivery?

What is the primary function of prolactin in lactation?

During pregnancy, which hormonal system experiences hypertrophy?

What is the primary trigger for lactogenesis?

Which is responsible for the release of oxytocin during lactation?

What is the primary requirement for normal human growth?

During which stage of lactation is the breast capable of producing large amounts of milk?

What is the primary function of estradiol during pregnancy?

What is the primary function of hPL during pregnancy?

What is the primary function of aromatase in the granulosa cells?

What is the role of luteal progesterone in the female reproductive system?

What is the function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

Which hormone is responsible for inducing female secondary sexual characteristics?

What is the primary function of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)?

What is the role of LH in the female reproductive system?

What is the primary function of progestagens?

Which hormone is responsible for influencing sexual and aggressive behaviour in both males and females?

What bones make up the posterior wall of the pelvis?

What structure connects the pubis to the anococcygeal body?

What nerve re-enters behind and underneath the pelvic floor?

What is the function of the levator ani muscles?

What is the result of injury to the pelvic floor?

What is the function of the puborectalis muscle?

What is the function of the iliococcygeus muscle?

What is the composition of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?

What is the primary effect of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia?

What is the primary characteristic of Cryptorchidism?

What is the primary cause of Holoprosencephaly?

What is the primary effect of Gastroschisis?

What is the primary risk associated with Cryptorchidism?

At what stage of development does the fertilization occur?

What is the primary characteristic of a Hydatidiform Mole?

What is the primary effect of a Hydatidiform Mole?

During gut rotation, which part of the intestine undergoes mesentery shortening or fusion with the posterior abdominal wall?

What is the primary characteristic of a pluripotent stem cell?

What is the term for a body wall defect that occurs to the right of the umbilical cord?

What is the primary function of stem cells in a research laboratory?

What is the key feature of undifferentiated stem cells?

What is the primary goal of regenerative medicine?

During gut rotation, what happens to the mesentery of the small intestine?

What is the primary role of stem cells in tissue engineering?

What is the method that combines using a condom and a pill?

What is the purpose of attending a review if a woman using a diaphragm or cap gains or loses over 7lbs in weight?

What is the result of missing a pill and not taking it within 12 hours?

What is the purpose of oestrogen in combined hormonal pills?

What is the duration of taking combined hormonal pills followed by a break?

What is the risk of taking combined hormonal pills late?

What is the effect of progesterone in combined hormonal pills?

What is the primary mechanism of action of combined hormonal pills?

What percentage of live births have some congenital defect?

What is the primary cause of congenital defects in about 70% of all birth defects?

What is a characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?

What is the most common type of congenital defect?

What is a consequence of gut malrotation?

What is the function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

What is a characteristic of stem cells?

What is the effect of maternal ingestion of Accutane during pregnancy?

What is the term for a body wall defect that occurs to the right of the umbilical cord?

What is the difference between the male and female pelvic inlet?

What is the approximate percentage of congenital defects that are caused by genetic or chromosomal factors?

What is the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine?

What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the ligaments?

What is the role of the gubernaculum in the development of the ovaries?

What is the result of the cloaca splitting during embryonic development?

During gut rotation, what happens to the mesentery of the small intestine?

What is the composition of the anterior wall of the pelvis?

What is the term for the failure of the umbilicus to close completely, combined with failure of the midgut to herniate back into the abdominal cavity fully?

What is the significance of the broad ligament in relation to the ovaries?

What is the shape of the female pelvic cavity?

What is the function of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?

What is a characteristic of stem cells?

What is the difference between the male and female pelvic outlet?

What is the axis of the pelvis?

What percentage of neural tube defects could be prevented if women consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily?

During which weeks of gestation is there an increased risk of birth defects?

What percentage of live births are affected by major congenital defects?

What is the term for the anomaly that requires medical or surgical treatment and causes a significant disability?

What is the approximate percentage of anomalies that do not require intervention and cause minimum handicap?

What is the risk of having a major malformation if a minor anomaly is present?

What is an example of a major defect that is classified as rarely life-threatening?

During which weeks of gestation does the fetal period occur?

What is the minimum time required between two vaccinations of the same type?

What percentage of a population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity?

What is the primary reason why some parents choose not to vaccinate their children?

What type of vaccine was responsible for causing whooping cough?

What is the primary goal of vaccine design?

What is the difference between active and passive immunization?

What is the purpose of an adjuvant in vaccine design?

What is the primary feature of a neutralizing antibody?

What is the approximate percentage of neural tube defects that could be prevented if women consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily?

During which period of gestation is there an increased risk of birth defects?

What is the percentage of live births affected by major congenital defects?

What is the risk of having a major malformation if a minor anomaly is present?

What is an example of a major defect that is rarely life-threatening?

What is the process by which the cloaca splits into urethra, vagina, and rectum?

What is the approximate percentage of congenital defects that are caused by genetic or chromosomal factors?

What is the leading cause of infant mortality?

Around what percentage of live births have some congenital defect?

What is the primary reason why the incidence of some birth defects has reduced while others have increased?

What is the primary mechanism by which the abdominal contents leak outside in a gastroschisis?

What is the primary risk associated with cryptorchidism?

During which week of development do the embryoblasts differentiate into two layers?

What is the characteristic of the trophoblasts during week two of development?

What is the characteristic of a hydatidiform mole?

What is the primary mechanism that contributes to the increase in plasma volume during early pregnancy?

What is the effect of the increase in plasma volume on haemoglobin concentrations during pregnancy?

Which of the following changes occurs in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?

What is the pattern of increase in blood volume during pregnancy?

What is the significance of the increase in plasma volume during pregnancy?

What is the function of infiltrating leucocytes in the immune system?

What is the significance of placental size less than 2.5 cm?

What is the indication of a thick ring of membranes on the fetal surface of the placenta?

What is the consequence of retained placental tissue?

What is the significance of a darker than normal maternal surface of the placenta?

During the fetal development, what is the primary function of the placenta?

What happens to the lungs of a fetus during the first week of age?

What is the significance of the secretion of surfactant by the fetus?

What is the result of the chest compression during the birth process?

What is the significance of the accumulation of fat and glycogen by the fetus before birth?

What is the primary reason for the increased tendency to clot during pregnancy?

What is the leading cause of direct deaths in pregnancy?

What is the effect of pregnancy on plasma haemoglobin concentration?

What is the result of increased plasma volume during pregnancy?

What is the effect of pregnancy on blood pressure?

What is the primary reason for the increased oxygen consumption during pregnancy?

What is the result of increased alveolar ventilation during pregnancy?

What is the effect of pregnancy on platelet count?

What is the effect of pregnancy on fibrinogen and clotting factors?

What is the prevalence of Thrombosis and Thromboembolism in women under 35 years of age?

What is the primary mechanism by which glucose is transferred across the placenta?

What is the primary function of granulosa cells in the luteal phase?

What is the function of human placental lactogen (hPL) in the maternal body?

What is the primary reason for the burst of LH and FSH in the ovulatory phase?

What is the primary function of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?

What is the primary reason why the fetus is not rejected by the maternal immune system?

What is the primary function of the developing placenta during fertilization?

What is the primary function of relaxin in preparation for birth?

What is the primary factor that determines the rate of diffusion across the placenta?

What is the primary function of type B spermatogonia in spermatogenesis?

What is the function of insulin-like growth factors produced by the placenta?

What is the primary function of oestrogen during the ovulatory phase?

What is the primary function of the placenta in regulating maternal blood glucose levels?

What is the primary function of progesterone during the luteal phase?

What is the primary mechanism by which large proteins and cells are transferred across the placenta?

What is the primary function of hCG during fertilization?

What is the primary mechanism of prostaglandins in inducing cervical ripening?

What is the role of prostaglandins in myometrial ripening?

What is the stimulus for the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary?

What is the result of prostaglandins on oxytocin receptors?

What is the primary function of the mucus plug?

What is the characteristic of cervical tissue after ripening?

What is the role of Ferguson's reflex in labour?

What is the effect of prostaglandins on myometrial contractions?

Which hormone is responsible for relaxation of ligaments during pregnancy?

What is the primary effect of melanocyte-stimulated hormone during pregnancy?

What is the primary function of estrogen during lactation?

What is the primary reason for the inhibition of milk synthesis during pregnancy?

What is the primary characteristic of breast anatomy?

What is the primary function of prolactin during lactation?

What is the primary effect of progesterone on lactation?

What is the primary characteristic of mamogenesis during pregnancy?

What is the average age of menopause in the UK?

What percentage of the UK population is post-menopausal?

What is the term for the time leading up to and around menopause?

What is the primary cause of short-term symptoms and long-term sequelae in menopause?

What is the long-term consequence of menopause on the cardiovascular system?

What is the name of the long-term skeletal consequence of menopause?

What is the characteristic of the skin during menopause?

What is the term for the loss of bone density in the vertebrae during menopause?

What triggers the cortical granule exocytosis in a sperm during fertilization?

What is the term for the process by which the fertilized ovum travels down the oviduct and becomes a zygote?

What is the name of the stage at which the blastocyst differentiates into two cell populations, namely trophoblast precursors and pluriblast cells?

What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst frees itself from the zona pellucida?

What is the term for the establishment of physical and nutritional contact between the conceptus and the mother?

What is the term for the signals sent by the conceptus to the mother to prevent luteal regression?

What is the term for the outer layer of the blastocyst that will give rise to the placenta?

What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst positions itself within the uterine cavity?

What is the main advantage of breastfeeding in terms of cancer risk reduction for the mother?

What is the potential problem with breastfeeding if the mother cannot measure the amount of milk the baby is getting?

During which week of development do the major organ systems begin to take shape?

What is the significance of the CHIN method in breastfeeding positioning?

What is the consequence of incorrect positioning during breastfeeding?

What is the significance of the pharyngeal arches in embryonic development?

During which week of development do the limbs start to form?

What is the significance of the neural tube closure in embryonic development?

Describe the role of oestrogen in the ovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle.

Explain the process of spermatogenesis, highlighting the role of Sertoli cells and meiosis.

Describe the changes that occur in the ovary during the luteal phase, highlighting the role of granulosa cells.

Explain the process of fertilisation and implantation, highlighting the role of the developing placenta.

Describe the role of LH in the female reproductive cycle, highlighting its significance in the ovulatory phase.

Explain the process of meiosis I and meiosis II in the oocyte, highlighting the significance of each phase.

Describe the role of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive cycle, highlighting its significance in the luteal phase.

What is the primary function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments in maintaining the pelvic structure?

Explain the process of spermiogenesis, highlighting the transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa.

How do the dimensions of the pelvic inlet and outlet differ between males and females?

What is the effect of pregnancy hormones on the ligaments of the pelvis, and what is the resulting impact on the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet?

What is the composition of the anterior wall of the pelvis, and what is its significance in the overall structure of the pelvis?

What is the significance of the axis of the pelvis in relation to childbirth, and how does it relate to the course taken by the baby's head during delivery?

What is the difference between the greater and lesser pelvis, and what is the significance of each in the overall structure of the pelvis?

What is the role of the sacroiliac ligaments in maintaining the stability of the pelvis, and how do they relate to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

What is the consequence of injuries to the pelvic floor leading to prolapse of the pelvic viscera, and what is the significance of this in relation to overall pelvic health?

What is the primary cause of hot flushes and night sweats in menopausal women?

What is the expected increase in the UK population of post-menopausal women by 2020?

What is the average age of menopause in women?

What is the long-term consequence of menopause on the cardiovascular system?

What is the primary cause of osteoporosis in menopausal women?

What is the term for the transitional phase leading up to menopause?

What is the prevalence of premature menopause in women under 40 years?

What is the short-term psychological symptom of menopause?