Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is a common cause of menorrhagia in girls during menarche?
What is a result of high estrogen levels?
What is the treatment for luteal phase insufficiency?
What is a characteristic of patients with PCOS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a result of ovulation with lowered progesterone levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of frequent miscarriages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of absent bleeding required to be classified as amenorrhea?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of DUB?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs in anovulatory cycles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of estrogen unopposed by progesterone?
Signup and view all the answers
During which life stages can anovulatory cycles be seen?
Signup and view all the answers
What would happen to the corpus luteum if pregnancy takes place?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary indicator of ovulation during the mid-cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical duration of normal menstruation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding at regular intervals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for bleeding in irregular intervals and more frequently than normal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for a combination of heavy bleeding at irregular intervals and more frequently?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term for spotting of blood in between menstrual cycles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first step in diagnosing a patient with abnormal bleeding?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal endometrial thickness in reproductive ages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diagnosis if the endometrial thickness is 10-12 cm and the patient is amenorrheic?
Signup and view all the answers
What must be excluded in any patient presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding?
Signup and view all the answers
Where can adenomyosis occur in the uterus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected endometrial thickness after menstruation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of performing a pap smear?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method used to visualize the vagina, cervix, and ovaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of performing an endometrial biopsy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of hysteroscopy in D&C?
Signup and view all the answers
When can a pap smear be performed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of D&C?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Amenorrhea and Abnormal Bleeding
- Amenorrhea is defined as no bleeding for more than 6 months, while absent bleeding for 2-3 months is not considered amenorrhea.
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)
- DUB can be caused by anovulatory or ovulatory factors.
- Anovulatory DUB is characterized by continuous estrogen production with no corpus luteum, leading to no progesterone production.
- Anovulatory cycles are common in adolescents during menarche and in perimenopausal years due to declining hormone levels.
Anovulation
- In anovulation, there is continuous estrogen release (E2) with no ovulation, leading to growth of endometrial lining and potentially causing endometrial hyperplasia.
- Measuring mid-cycle LH levels can help diagnose ovulation.
Definitions
- Normal menstruation: 2-7 days, 21-35 days between periods, and blood loss of less than 80ml.
- Menorrhagia: heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, often requiring more pads.
- Metrorrhagia: bleeding at irregular intervals, more frequently than normal.
- Menometrorrhagia: a combination of heavy and irregular bleeding.
- Intermenstrual bleeding: spotting of blood between menstrual cycles, often due to thickened endometrium.
Ovulatory DUB
- Ovulatory DUB is caused by a defect in the corpus luteum, leading to prolonged progesterone production, spotting, or intermenstrual bleeding.
- This can cause frequent miscarriages, and treatment involves regulating the cycle with progesterone.
Endocrine Causes
- Endocrine causes are the most important to exclude, particularly in patients with PCOS.
- Patients with PCOS may have regular menstrual cycles with few ovulatory and anovulatory cycles.
Diagnosis
- Abdominal or transvaginal ultrasound are commonly used to diagnose abnormal bleeding.
- Endometrial thickness should be measured, especially in amenorrheic patients, to diagnose endometrial hyperplasia.
- Hysteroscopy and dilation of the cervix may be used for biopsy and treatment.
Other Diagnostic Tools
- Pap smear is used to screen for cervical cancer.
- D&C and hysteroscopy can be diagnostic and therapeutic.
- Transvaginal ultrasound is commonly used to diagnose abnormalities in the vagina, cervix, and ovaries.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the changes in hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle, including LH and FSH, and how they relate to ovulation and pregnancy. Understand the different phases of the cycle and how to calculate the last menstrual period.
