Biology Chapter on Hormones and Memory
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Questions and Answers

What hormone's absence leads to the development of ovaries?

  • Inhibin
  • Progesterone
  • Testosterone
  • Anti-Mullerian hormone (correct)

    • Which of the following represents the correct order of phases in the menstrual cycle?

  • Follicular phase - Luteal phase - Ovulation
  • Menses - Luteal phase - Ovulation
  • Menses - Proliferative phase - Secretory phase (correct)
  • Ovarian phase - Secretory phase - Menses

    • What does menses refer to?

  • The shedding phase (correct)
  • The ovulation phase
  • The secretory phase
  • The proliferative phase

    • Which hormone does not control the uterine cycle?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if fertilization is successful?

    <p>Fertilization prevents the shedding of the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical Total Body Water (TBW) in liters for a 65Kg adult?

    <p>45.5 Liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male accessory glands secrete a milky fluid containing proteolytic enzymes?

    <p>Seminal vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase does NOT occur in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Maturation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the hippocampus is incorrect?

    <p>It stores declarative memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of agnosia?

    <p>To recognize objects or stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during after-hyperpolarization?

    <p>Potassium channels remain open, making the membrane potential more negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of long-term potentiation, where does calcium accumulation primarily occur?

    <p>In the postsynaptic terminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure ensures action potentials travel to deeper regions of the muscle fiber?

    <p>Transverse Tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type does not require consciousness?

    <p>Implicit memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the resting membrane potential differ from the equilibrium potential of potassium?

    <p>There is a higher ratio of open potassium channels to sodium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a manifestation of left parietal cortex affection?

    <p>Finger agnosia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about electrical synapses is TRUE?

    <p>They allow for rapid transmission through gap junctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding neurogenesis is true?

    <p>It occurs in both the olfactory bulb and hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is associated with tongue apraxia?

    <p>Motor control and speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where are calcium ions released to bind to Troponin during muscle contraction?

    <p>Sarcoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one specific role of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump in maintaining resting membrane potential?

    <p>It counteracts passive fluxes of sodium and potassium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about explicit or declarative memory is false?

    <p>It does not depend on the hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the after-depolarization phase following an action potential?

    <p>Membrane potential may briefly become more positive before returning to resting levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true about the role of large non-diffusible anions in the cell?

    <p>They assist in the conduction of action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the carbohydrate moieties on the outer surface of cells?

    <p>To inhibit immune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative feedback mechanism indicate about a control system?

    <p>It initiates response only when a factor is deficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glycocalyx is true?

    <p>It helps in cell-cell adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do membrane receptors play in phagocytosis?

    <p>They bind to surface ligands for initiating engulfment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vesicle during phagocytosis after binding to ligands?

    <p>Contractile proteins pinch the vesicle from the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the electrical charge of carbohydrate moieties on cell surfaces?

    <p>They repel other positively charged objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'gain' of a negative feedback control system refer to?

    <p>The effectiveness of the system in correcting deviations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Dystrophin (DMD) protein in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

    <p>It leads to aberrant Golgi organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does furosemide have on sodium reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>It inhibits the Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter in the thick ascending limb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a patient with low GFR due to unilateral renal artery stenosis compensate?

    <p>By increasing renin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the nephron does reabsorption of water occur only in the presence of ADH?

    <p>Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osmotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule during filtration?

    <p>It opposes filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glucose contribute to water loss in a diabetic patient with polyuria?

    <p>Through osmosis in the proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb when a loop diuretic is administered?

    <p>It decreases due to inhibition of sodium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which force primarily drives filtration in the glomerulus?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does increased afferent arteriole resistance have on renal function?

    <p>Decreases glomerular filtration rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when ADH is absent in the collecting ducts?

    <p>Water reabsorption decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does urinary tract obstruction have on GFR?

    <p>Decreases GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sodium reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

    <p>By active transport with potassium and chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be impaired in a patient with diabetes insipidus who lacks antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Water reabsorption in collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the presence of ADH have on water reabsorption?

    <p>It increases water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sodium reabsorption initially change in the presence of urinary tract obstruction?

    <p>Increases initially, then decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the function of aldosterone?

    <p>It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Digestive System

    • The digestive system is a group of organs that work together to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
    • It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs.

    Alimentary Canal

    • The alimentary canal is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.
    • It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

    Accessory Organs

    • The accessory organs are organs that aid in the digestion of food but are not part of the alimentary canal.
    • They include the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

    Mouth

    • The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract.
    • It contains teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
    • Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth as food is chewed.
    • Chemical digestion begins in the mouth as saliva mixes with food.

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a tube-shaped passageway that leads from the mouth and nose to the esophagus.
    • It is involved in both the respiratory and digestive systems.

    Esophagus

    • The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
    • It transports food from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis.

    Stomach

    • The stomach is a J-shaped sac that stores food and mixes it with digestive enzymes.
    • It is responsible for mechanical and chemical digestion.
    • Mechanical digestion occurs through churning of food.
    • Chemical digestion occurs through the release of gastric juice.

    Small Intestine

    • The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that is responsible for the majority of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients.
    • It consists of three sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

    Large Intestine

    • The large intestine is a wider, shorter tube that connects the small intestine to the anus.
    • It absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms feces.

    Anus

    • The anus is the terminal opening of the digestive tract.
    • It is responsible for eliminating feces.

    Accessory Organs (details)

    • Salivary glands: Produce saliva, which contains enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
    • Liver: Produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
    • Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed.
    • Pancreas: Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Also releases bicarbonate ions which regulate pH in the duodenum.

    Other relevant topics from text

    • Central chemoreceptor: Monitor changes in hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and respond to changes in CO2 levels.

    • Oxygen-Hemoglobin relationship: Hemoglobin readily binds to oxygen in the lungs, releasing it in the tissues. Increasing CO2 and lowering pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin.

    • Respiratory system includes gas exchange, but also metabolism (e.g. prostaglandin synthesis).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the roles of hormones in the reproductive system and the various phases of the menstrual cycle. This quiz also covers essential concepts in neurobiology, including memory types and brain functions. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of these topics.

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