18 Questions
What is the main pathway for producing arginine?
Urea Cycle
Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid, but its sulfur group is derived from which essential amino acid?
Methionine
What is the precursor of catecholamine derived from?
Phenylalanine
Which amino acid serves as an intermediate in glycolysis?
Cysteine
What are the signs and symptoms mentioned in the case entitled 'DEPRESSED REFUGEE'?
Generalized Weakness, Depressive Symptoms, Joint Pains
Which amino acid is synthesized from Glutamate and Proline?
Arginine
What is the precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of serine?
3-Phosphoglycerate
Which amino acid is required for the synthesis of cysteine?
Methionine
What is the enzyme responsible for converting cystathionine into cysteine and homoserine?
Cystathione Lyase
What is the byproduct of cysteine synthesis that is also an amino acid?
Homoserine
What is the role of pyridoxal pyrophosphate in serine synthesis?
Co-factor for transamination
What is the outcome of the reaction between homocysteine and serine?
Formation of cystathionine
What is the role of Glutamate in the biosynthesis of Alanine?
Amino donor
What is the enzyme responsible for the transamination reaction of Pyruvate and Glutamate to form Alanine?
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
What is the product formed when Glutamate is amidated to form Glutamine?
Gamma-glutamyl phosphate
What is the significance of Alanine in the circulation?
Major transporter of Nitrogen
What is the reactant that receives the amino group from Glutamate to form Alanine?
Pyruvate
What is the name of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of Glutamate to Glutamine?
Glutamine Synthetase
Study Notes
Arginine
- Non-essential in adults but essential in children, as we can't produce enough arginine to sustain increased protein synthesis during growth and development
- Synthesized from Glutamate and Proline
- The resulting Ornithine is used in the Urea Cycle, which is our main pathway for producing arginine
Conversion of Phenylalanine to Tyrosine
- No additional information provided in the text
Cysteine
- Non-essential amino acid, but derives its sulfur group from Methionine, which is an essential amino acid
- Intermediate of 3-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis
- Carbon skeleton is derived from Serine
- Synthesized from Methionine, which is converted to Homocysteine, then linked to Serine by a sulfur bond to form Cystathionine, which is hydrolyzed to form Cysteine and Homoserine
Case Study: Depressed Refugee
- No relevant information for biosynthesis of nutritionally non-essential amino acids
Glycolysis Intermediates
- Amino acids can be synthesized from glycolysis intermediates, such as phosphoglycerate and pyruvate
- Serine is synthesized from 3-Phosphoglycerate through oxidation and dephosphorylation
Serine
- Synthesized from 3-Phosphoglycerate through oxidation and dephosphorylation
- Catalyzed by a Serine Hydroxymethyl Transferase, using Pyridoxal Pyrophosphate and Folate as co-enzymes
Cysteine (from Serine)
- Requires an essential amino acid, Methionine, to synthesize
- Synthesized through the conversion of Methionine to Homocysteine, then linked to Serine to form Cystathionine, which is hydrolyzed to form Cysteine and Homoserine
Alanine
- Derivative of Pyruvate
- Pyruvate receives an amino group from Glutamate, catalyzed by Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
- Important reaction, as alanine is a major transporter of nitrogen to the circulation (muscles, tissues)
- Also involved in the Cahill cycle
Learn about the amino acids derived from glycolysis, such as serine and cysteine, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis. Understand the importance of essential amino acids like methionine in the process.
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