Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle Overview

Study Notes

Glycolysis Overview

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, eventually converting them into two pyruvate molecules.
Key outputs include 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate, effectively generating energy.

Inputs of Glycolysis

Inputs required for glycolysis are glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 2 inorganic phosphates (Pi).

Outputs of Glycolysis

Outputs generated by glycolysis include 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 ADP.
Net gain during glycolysis is 2 ATP and 2 NADH, alongside 2 pyruvate.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Overview

Involves the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, producing CO2, NADH, and H+.
Efficiency includes outputs of 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, and 2 CO2 per cycle.

NADH Production

Glycolysis produces 2 NADH molecules.

Energy Investment vs. Payoff Phases

Energy investment phase: Glucose + 2 ATP converts into 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P + 2 ADP.
Energy payoff phase: Transforms 2 glyceraldehyde-3-P into 2 pyruvate, producing 4 ATP and 2 NADH.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Reducers NADH and FADH2 release energy, powering H+ ion pumps in the inner membrane.
Creates an electrochemical gradient, essential for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
Process of ATP synthesis driven by H+ diffusion is known as chemiosmosis.

Energy Yield from Glycolysis

Total energy yield from glycolysis is approximately 500 kJ.

Acetyl CoA Formation

Pyruvate conversion into acetyl CoA involves loss of one carbon as CO2, oxidation to acetate, and bonding with coenzyme A.

Description

Explore the essential processes of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration. This quiz covers the inputs, outputs, and energy transformations involved in these crucial metabolic pathways. Enhance your understanding of how glucose is converted into energy for cellular functions.