Glycerol and Fatty Acid Structure

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of uneven sharing of electrons in a polar molecule?

A slight positive charge on the stronger attracting atom

A slight negative charge on the stronger attracting atom (correct)

A slight positive charge on the weaker attracting atom

A slight negative charge on the weaker attracting atom

Which elements are known to have a strong attraction for electrons and are often found in polar molecules?

Fluorine and Chlorine

Nitrogen and Oxygen (correct)

Helium and Neon

Carbon and Hydrogen

What is the net charge for a polar molecule like water?

Variable

Positive

Zero (correct)

Negative

What type of bond forms between atoms in neighboring molecules or between atoms in different parts of the same molecule?

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the surface tension of water?

Hydrogen bonding between molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?

Water molecules line up in a somewhat ordered fashion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attractive force between water molecules?

Cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the force that causes water to form spherical droplets or bead up when spilled onto a nonabsorbent surface?

Surface tension Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?

Having no double bonds between carbons Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of glycerol plus one fatty acid?

Monoglyceride Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the saturation of a fatty acid and its physical state?

The more saturated a fatty acid, the more likely it is to be solid at room temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a monoglyceride and a diglyceride?

The number of fatty acids attached Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is monounsaturated?

Oleic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glycerol reacting with two fatty acids?

A diglyceride Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group present in glycerol?

Hydroxyl group Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond between carbons in a saturated fatty acid?

Single bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of water in the adult human body?

60% Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle of the hydrogen atoms attached to the oxygen in a water molecule?

104.5° Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are responsible for the double helix structure of a DNA molecule?

Covalent and hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the net charge of the chromium ion usually found in biological systems and dietary supplements?

+3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hexavalent chromium ion, Cr 6+,?

Used in the manufacturing of stainless steel and chrome plating Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the shape of a molecule?

It is influenced by the angles of covalent bonds between atoms Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds cause the chains to kink or bend in long carbon chain fatty acids?

Double bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ionic composition of body fluids in the human body?

Similar to seawater Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range that is incompatible with life?

pH below 7.00 or above 7.70 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the diagram used to illustrate protein secondary structure?

Richardson diagram Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of some hydrogen ions in body fluids?

Separation of water molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the acid produced in the body from CO2 and water?

Carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a protein's tertiary structure?

It determines the protein's shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of globular proteins?

They are a mix of alpha helices and beta sheets Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the spontaneous folding of a protein?

A tertiary structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of proteins that are categorized as fibrous?

They are long and thin Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the tertiary structure of globular proteins?

Covalent bonds between amino acids and hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of buffers in the body?

To maintain a normal pH by moderating changes in pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of disulfide bonds in the shape of many globular proteins?

To pull the sections of chain together Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bicarbonate anion in the human body?

To act as a buffer and maintain a normal pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of fibrous proteins?

They are usually insoluble in water Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding hydrochloric acid to a sodium bicarbonate solution?

The pH of the solution remains unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cysteine in the formation of disulfide bonds?

It provides the sulfur necessary for the bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding free H+ to a buffer solution?

The buffer's anions bond to the H+ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fatty Acids

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid, meaning it has no double bonds between carbons.
Saturated fatty acids are likely to be solid at room temperature.
Glycerol plus one fatty acid produces a monoglyceride.
Glycerol plus two fatty acids produces a diglyceride.

Polarity

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbons, making them "saturated" with hydrogens.
When electrons are shared unevenly, the atom with a stronger attraction for electrons develops a slight negative charge (d+).
The atom with a weaker attraction for electrons develops a slight positive charge (d-).
Polar molecules have positive and negative ends, or poles.
Hydrogen bonds may occur between atoms in neighboring molecules or between atoms in different parts of the same molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the surface tension of water.
Surface tension is the attractive force between water molecules that causes water to form spherical droplets when falling or to bead up when spilled onto a nonabsorbent surface.
Hydrogen bonding between molecules makes it difficult to stretch or deform water.

Biological Solutions

Life as we know it is established on water-based, or aqueous, solutions that resemble dilute seawater in their ionic composition.
The adult human body is about 60% water.
Na+, K+, and Cl- are the main ions in body fluids.

Molecular Shape

Covalent bonds and weak bonds play a critical role in determining molecular shape.
The three-dimensional shape of a molecule is difficult to show on paper, but many molecules have characteristic shapes due to the angles of covalent bonds between atoms.
Double bonds in long carbon chain fatty acids cause the chains to kink or bend.

Proteins

Proteins have a mix of beta strands and alpha helices.
Protein secondary structure is illustrated by ribbon diagrams.
The tertiary structure of a protein is its three-dimensional shape, created through spontaneous folding as the result of covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions.
Globular proteins can be a mix of alpha helices, beta sheets, and amino acid chains that fold back on themselves.
The tertiary structure of globular proteins arises partly from the angles of covalent bonds between amino acids and partly from hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds that stabilize the molecule's shape.

Hydrogen Ions

Hydrogen ions in body fluids come from the separation of water molecules (H2O) into H+ and OH- ions.
Acids, molecules that release H+ when they dissolve in water, are also a source of hydrogen ions.
Carbonic acid is made in the body from CO2 and water.
When carbonic acid separates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion, only free H+ contributes to the hydrogen ion concentration.

Buffers

Buffers are substances that moderate changes in pH.
Many buffers contain anions that have a strong attraction for H+ molecules.
When free H+ is added to a buffer solution, the buffer's anions bond to the H+, thereby minimizing any change in pH.
The bicarbonate anion, HCO3-, is an important buffer in the human body.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the structure of glycerol and fatty acids, specifically palmitic acid. Learn about the components and molecular composition of these biomolecules.