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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the main storage form of fatty acids?
In the context of fatty acids, which statement regarding glycerol is accurate?
Which of the following is true about the stereochemical numbering system of glycerol?
Which type of molecule functions as messenger molecules derived from fatty acids?
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Which of the following describes nearly all triacylglycerols?
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Which type of fatty acid is characterized by a double bond in its carbon chain?
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What is the primary structural feature of oleic acid?
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Which of the following fatty acids is fully saturated?
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How do geometric isomers affect the properties of unsaturated fatty acids?
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What process converts unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids?
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Which fatty acid is produced through halogenation?
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Which function does fatty acid serve in biological systems?
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What is the result of lipid peroxidation's termination phase?
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What type of fatty acid has at least two double bonds in its structure?
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Which of the following best describes the role of fatty acids as targeting molecules?
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Which statement best describes saturated fatty acids?
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What is a key feature of unsaturated fatty acids?
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Which common fatty acid is classified as a ω-3 fatty acid?
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What characteristic describes the geometric isomerism of unsaturated fatty acids?
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Which source is typically rich in linoleic acid?
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What type of fatty acid is arachidonic acid classified as?
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In terms of melting points, how do fatty acids behave with changing structure?
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Which fatty acid has the systematic name 'all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid'?
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Which fatty acid is typically classified as ω-9?
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What is the primary difference between cis and trans fatty acids?
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Which source typically contains myristic acid?
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What series classification does palmitoleic acid belong to?
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Which fatty acid representation indicates a saturated structure?
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What distinguishes polyunsaturated fatty acids from others?
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Study Notes
Fatty Acid Structure and Properties
- Fatty acids consist of a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain.
- Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.
- Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in their hydrocarbon chain.
- Cis-isomers have acyl chains on the same side of the double bond, creating a bend.
- Trans-isomers have acyl chains on opposite sides of the double bond.
- The melting point of fatty acids increases with chain length and decreases with unsaturation. Membrane lipids are more unsaturated than storage lipids.
- Examples of saturated fatty acids include lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), arachidic acid (20:0), lignoceric acid (24:0), and cerotic acid (26:0).
- Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include palmitoleic acid (16:1Δ9, ω7), oleic acid (18:1Δ9, ω9), linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12, ω6), α-linolenic acid (18:3Δ9,12,15, ω3), arachidonic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14, ω6), and timnodonic acid (20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17, ω3).
Fatty Acid Derivatives and Functions
- Fatty acids are building blocks for phospholipids and glycolipids in cell membranes.
- They serve as fuel molecules.
- They act as targeting molecules, directing proteins to their locations in membranes.
- They function as messenger molecules, with derivatives acting as hormones and intracellular messengers.
- Triacylglycerols are the main storage form of fatty acids, esters of glycerol and three fatty acids. Most are mixed acylglycerols. Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid.
Lipid Peroxidation
- A process involving free radical reactions causing damage to lipids.
- Initiation: ROOH + metal(n)+ → ROO• + metal(n-1)+ + H+ ; X• + RH → R• + XH
- Propagation: R• + O2 → ROO• ; ROO• + RH → ROOH + R•
- Termination: ROO• + ROO• → ROOR + O2; ROO• + R• → ROOR; R• + R• → RR
Hydrogenation
- Hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.
- Uses a metal catalyst (e.g., nickel).
Halogenation
- Addition of halogens (e.g., iodine) to unsaturated fatty acids.
- Example: Oleic acid reacts with iodine to form 9,10-diiodo-octadecanoic acid.
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Description
This quiz explores the structure, types, and properties of fatty acids, including saturated and unsaturated forms. Learn about the impact of chain length and unsaturation on the melting point, as well as the examples of various fatty acids. Test your understanding of key concepts related to lipid biochemistry.
