Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the seventh edition of Moore's work?
What is the primary focus of the seventh edition of Moore's work?
Which of the following factors is likely emphasized in both Moore's and Netter's anatomy texts?
Which of the following factors is likely emphasized in both Moore's and Netter's anatomy texts?
In the context of clinical anatomy, what is a significant difference between the first and second editions of Netter's Clinical Anatomy?
In the context of clinical anatomy, what is a significant difference between the first and second editions of Netter's Clinical Anatomy?
Which of the following anatomical concepts would likely be covered in both Moore's and Netter's texts?
Which of the following anatomical concepts would likely be covered in both Moore's and Netter's texts?
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What aspect of anatomy might be less emphasized in a clinical anatomy context compared to traditional anatomy education?
What aspect of anatomy might be less emphasized in a clinical anatomy context compared to traditional anatomy education?
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What is the primary action of the hamstring muscles?
What is the primary action of the hamstring muscles?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the hamstring group?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the hamstring group?
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What is the main blood supply to the hamstring muscles?
What is the main blood supply to the hamstring muscles?
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Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?
Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?
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Where do the majority of the hamstring muscles originate?
Where do the majority of the hamstring muscles originate?
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What is the primary function of the iliotibial tract?
What is the primary function of the iliotibial tract?
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Which muscle primarily inserts into the iliotibial tract?
Which muscle primarily inserts into the iliotibial tract?
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Where is the iliotibial tract located?
Where is the iliotibial tract located?
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How does the fascia of the thigh relate to the iliotibial tract?
How does the fascia of the thigh relate to the iliotibial tract?
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What describes the composition of the iliotibial tract?
What describes the composition of the iliotibial tract?
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Which group of muscles is primarily responsible for lateral rotation of the hip?
Which group of muscles is primarily responsible for lateral rotation of the hip?
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Which of the following structures is NOT typically associated with the Greater Sciatic Foramen?
Which of the following structures is NOT typically associated with the Greater Sciatic Foramen?
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What is the primary action of the Gluteus Maximus muscle?
What is the primary action of the Gluteus Maximus muscle?
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Which artery provides the primary blood supply to the gluteal muscles?
Which artery provides the primary blood supply to the gluteal muscles?
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What type of innervation do the gluteal muscles primarily receive?
What type of innervation do the gluteal muscles primarily receive?
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What is the primary function of the lower limbs?
What is the primary function of the lower limbs?
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Which regions are included in the division of the lower limb?
Which regions are included in the division of the lower limb?
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What primarily composes the gluteal region?
What primarily composes the gluteal region?
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Which of the following best describes the boundaries of the gluteal region?
Which of the following best describes the boundaries of the gluteal region?
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Where do the cutaneous nerves of the gluteal region originate?
Where do the cutaneous nerves of the gluteal region originate?
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What is the origin of the long head of the biceps femoris?
What is the origin of the long head of the biceps femoris?
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Which nerve supplies the short head of the biceps femoris?
Which nerve supplies the short head of the biceps femoris?
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What action does the long head of the biceps femoris perform at the hip joint?
What action does the long head of the biceps femoris perform at the hip joint?
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Which muscle is responsible for flexing and medially rotating the leg at the knee joint?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing and medially rotating the leg at the knee joint?
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What structure receives the fibrous expansion from the semimembranosus muscle?
What structure receives the fibrous expansion from the semimembranosus muscle?
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What artery primarily supplies blood to the compartment containing the hamstring muscles?
What artery primarily supplies blood to the compartment containing the hamstring muscles?
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Where does the semitendinosus muscle insert?
Where does the semitendinosus muscle insert?
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Which muscle extends the thigh at the hip joint but does not flex the leg at the knee?
Which muscle extends the thigh at the hip joint but does not flex the leg at the knee?
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Study Notes
Gluteal Region & Back of Thigh
- The gluteal region is bounded superiorly by the iliac crest and inferiorly by the buttock's fold.
- The region largely consists of gluteal muscles and a thick layer of superficial fascia.
- Cutaneous nerves originate from the posterior and anterior rami of spinal nerves.
- The lower limb comprises the gluteal region, thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot.
- The lower limb supports the body's weight and provides a stable base for standing, walking, and running.
Objectives
- Identify gluteal muscle groups and smaller muscles (lateral rotators).
- Determine the origin, insertion, action, innervation, and blood supply of gluteal muscles.
- Identify foramina and structures passing through them (greater sciatic foramen, lesser sciatic foramen).
- Describe the back of the thigh, its origin, insertion, action, innervation, and blood supply of hamstring muscles.
Hip Bone
- The hip bone is formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
- These bones meet at the acetabulum.
- The hip bones connect with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints, structuring the pelvis' anterolateral walls.
- Hip bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis.
Foramina
- The greater and lesser sciatic notches are transformed into greater and lesser sciatic foramina due to the presence of ligaments.
- The sacrospinous ligament connects the sacrum to the ischial spine.
- The sacrotuberous ligament connects the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity.
Ligaments & Foramina
- The sacrotuberous ligament links the posterior sacrum to the ischial tuberosity.
- The sacrospinous ligament connects the posterior sacrum to the ischial spine.
- Significant foramina in the gluteal region are the greater sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen.
Greater Sciatic Foramen
- Structures exiting this foramen include: piriformis, sciatic nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, nerves to obturator internus and quadratus femoris, pudendal nerve, superior and inferior gluteal arteries and veins, and internal pudendal artery and vein.
Lesser Sciatic Foramen
- Structures passing through this foramen include: tendon of obturator internus muscle, nerve to obturator internus, pudendal nerve, and internal pudendal artery and vein.
Gluteus Maximus
- Origin: Outer surface of the ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament.
- Insertion: Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur.
- Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve.
- Action: Extends and laterally rotates the hip joint, extending the knee joint via iliotibial tract.
Gluteus Medius
- Origin: Outer surface of the ilium.
- Insertion: Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve.
- Action: Abducts the thigh at the hip joint, tilting the pelvis during walking to allow the opposite leg to clear the ground.
Gluteus Minimus
- Origin: Outer surface of the ilium.
- Insertion: Anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve.
- Action: Abducts the thigh at the hip joint, tilting the pelvis during walking.
Tensor Fasciae Latae
- Origin: Iliac crest.
- Insertion: Iliotibial tract.
- Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve.
- Action: Assists gluteus maximus in extending the knee joint.
Piriformis
- Origin: Anterior surface of the sacrum.
- Insertion: Upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Innervation: First and second sacral nerves.
- Action: Lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Obturator Internus
- Origin: Inner surface of the obturator membrane.
- Insertion: Upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Innervation: Sacral plexus.
- Action: Lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Gemellus Superior
- Origin: Ischial spine.
- Insertion: Upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Innervation: Sacral plexus (L5, S1).
- Action: Lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Gemellus Inferior
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity.
- Insertion: Upper border of the greater trochanter of the femur.
- Innervation: Sacral plexus (L5, S1).
- Action: Lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Quadratus Femoris
- Origin: Lateral border of the ischial tuberosity.
- Insertion: Quadrate tubercle of the femur.
- Innervation: Sacral plexus (L5, S1).
- Action: Lateral rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
Sciatic Nerve
- Part of the sacral plexus (L4, 5 and S1, 2, 3).
- Emerges from the pelvis through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen.
- The largest nerve, composed of tibial and common peroneal nerves bound by fascia.
- Located posteriorly to the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh and gluteus maximus.
Contents Back of Thigh
- Muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and part of the adductor magnus.
- Blood supply: Branches of the profunda femoris artery.
- Nerve supply: Sciatic nerve.
Biceps Femoris
- Origin: Long head from the ischial tuberosity, short head from the linea aspera and lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur.
- Insertion: Two heads unite above the knee joint, inserting into the head of the fibula.
- Innervation: Long head (tibial part of sciatic), short head (common peroneal part of sciatic).
- Action: Flexes and laterally rotates leg at the knee, long head extends thigh at the hip.
Semitendinosus
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity.
- Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia's shaft.
- Innervation: Tibial portion of sciatic nerve.
- Action: Flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee, extends the thigh at the hip.
Semimembranosus
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity.
- Insertion: Posteromedial surface of the medial condyle of the tibia.
- Innervation: Tibial part of sciatic nerve.
- Action: Flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee, extends the thigh at the hip.
Adductor Magnus (Hamstring Portion)
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity.
- Insertion: Adductor tubercle of femur.
- Innervation: Tibial portion of sciatic nerve.
- Action: Extends the thigh at the hip joint.
Blood Supply
- Four perforating branches of profunda femoris artery supply rich blood to this compartment.
- Profunda femoris vein drains most blood from the compartment.
References
- Gray's Anatomy for Students, Fourth edition
- Snell Clinical Anatomy, Ninth edition
- Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Keith L. Moore - Seventh edition
- Netter's Clinical Anatomy, Second edition
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the gluteal region and the back of the thigh. Participants will learn about the gluteal muscle groups, their functions, and the relevant neurovascular structures. The quiz also includes details on the hip bone formation and its components.
