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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)?
What is the primary function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)?
Glomerulopathy is specifically defined as the inflammation of the glomerulus.
Glomerulopathy is specifically defined as the inflammation of the glomerulus.
False
Which type of nephropathy is characterized by a fusion of podocytes?
Which type of nephropathy is characterized by a fusion of podocytes?
Minimal change disease
_________ is the condition where there is an increase in type IV collagen synthesis due to diabetes mellitus.
_________ is the condition where there is an increase in type IV collagen synthesis due to diabetes mellitus.
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Match the type of glomerular disease with its corresponding characteristic:
Match the type of glomerular disease with its corresponding characteristic:
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Which cells provide support to glomerular capillaries?
Which cells provide support to glomerular capillaries?
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Crescentic glomerulonephritis is characterized by a global effect on the glomerulus.
Crescentic glomerulonephritis is characterized by a global effect on the glomerulus.
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What is the role of immunofluorescence in renal biopsy studies?
What is the role of immunofluorescence in renal biopsy studies?
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The main cells responsible for producing the glomerular basement membrane are the __________.
The main cells responsible for producing the glomerular basement membrane are the __________.
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In IgA nephropathy, what leads to mesangial expansion?
In IgA nephropathy, what leads to mesangial expansion?
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What is the most common cause of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the most common cause of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
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Ischemic acute kidney injury can be caused by hypovolaemia due to shock?
Ischemic acute kidney injury can be caused by hypovolaemia due to shock?
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What is a reversible lesion that indicates acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
What is a reversible lesion that indicates acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
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Acute tubular necrosis leads to ______ of tubular epithelial cells.
Acute tubular necrosis leads to ______ of tubular epithelial cells.
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Match the following conditions with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their corresponding characteristics:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of obstructive nephropathy?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of obstructive nephropathy?
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Acute flank pain is a symptom of obstructive nephropathy.
Acute flank pain is a symptom of obstructive nephropathy.
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Oxidative injury from paracetamol is caused by a toxic ______.
Oxidative injury from paracetamol is caused by a toxic ______.
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What does the recovery from acute tubular necrosis depend on?
What does the recovery from acute tubular necrosis depend on?
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Which type of nephropathy is typically asymptomatic and may result from renal stones?
Which type of nephropathy is typically asymptomatic and may result from renal stones?
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What is a primary feature of acute tubular injury?
What is a primary feature of acute tubular injury?
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Impaired renal function is a defining characteristic of chronic kidney disease.
Impaired renal function is a defining characteristic of chronic kidney disease.
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What type of rejection involves the immune response against the transplanted kidney?
What type of rejection involves the immune response against the transplanted kidney?
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Which gene is associated with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?
Which gene is associated with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)?
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Hypertensive nephrosclerosis leads to ________ arteriolosclerosis of renal arterioles.
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis leads to ________ arteriolosclerosis of renal arterioles.
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Match the following conditions with their causes:
Match the following conditions with their causes:
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Cystic renal dysplasia is characterized by functional abnormalities of the kidneys.
Cystic renal dysplasia is characterized by functional abnormalities of the kidneys.
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What is the consequence of severe hypertension on the kidneys?
What is the consequence of severe hypertension on the kidneys?
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What type of genetic inheritance is associated with Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)?
What type of genetic inheritance is associated with Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)?
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Cellular and humoral immunity play no role in transplant rejection.
Cellular and humoral immunity play no role in transplant rejection.
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease involves mutations in the ______ gene leading to ciliopathy.
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease involves mutations in the ______ gene leading to ciliopathy.
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What is indicated by the presence of swollen kidneys and inflammation?
What is indicated by the presence of swollen kidneys and inflammation?
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Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
Match the following conditions with their characteristics:
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Which type of toxin is responsible for thrombotic microangiopathy related to E. Coli?
Which type of toxin is responsible for thrombotic microangiopathy related to E. Coli?
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Which complication is increased in patients with acquired cystic disease?
Which complication is increased in patients with acquired cystic disease?
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Tissue inflammation and infiltration of the interstitium are features of ________ rejection.
Tissue inflammation and infiltration of the interstitium are features of ________ rejection.
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Polycystin is a protein involved in the regulation of ion secretion in kidneys.
Polycystin is a protein involved in the regulation of ion secretion in kidneys.
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ANCA vasculitis is characterized by neutrophil infiltration of vessel walls due to autoantibodies.
ANCA vasculitis is characterized by neutrophil infiltration of vessel walls due to autoantibodies.
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Match the following types of rejection with their mechanisms:
Match the following types of rejection with their mechanisms:
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Which of the following conditions is a complication of chronic hypertension?
Which of the following conditions is a complication of chronic hypertension?
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In Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease, the gene responsible for the condition is ______.
In Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease, the gene responsible for the condition is ______.
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What is the primary consequence of microthrombi obstructing blood flow?
What is the primary consequence of microthrombi obstructing blood flow?
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Simple cysts in the kidneys generally arise from defective fluid-filled sacs due to obstruction in the tubular _____ matrix.
Simple cysts in the kidneys generally arise from defective fluid-filled sacs due to obstruction in the tubular _____ matrix.
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Reversible lesions can occur as a result of high-dose immunosuppressants during kidney transplantation.
Reversible lesions can occur as a result of high-dose immunosuppressants during kidney transplantation.
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What is indicated by the term 'atypical cellular features' in renal pathology?
What is indicated by the term 'atypical cellular features' in renal pathology?
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Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?
Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)?
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In acute renal failure, elevated levels of ________ reflect impaired kidney function.
In acute renal failure, elevated levels of ________ reflect impaired kidney function.
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Match the following renal diseases with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following renal diseases with their corresponding characteristics:
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What kind of kidney injury is regarded as prerenal?
What kind of kidney injury is regarded as prerenal?
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Cystic diseases typically result in malignant progression in renal tissues.
Cystic diseases typically result in malignant progression in renal tissues.
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What form of necrosis is associated with the renal cortex in ANCA vasculitis?
What form of necrosis is associated with the renal cortex in ANCA vasculitis?
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Study Notes
Glomerular Disease
- Glomerular disease is a broader term than glomerulonephritis (GN) because inflammation must be present in GN.
- Glomerular filtration barrier is made up of:
- Endothelial cells with fenestrations (60-80nm)
- Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) with type IV collagen and heparan sulfate.
- GBM is negatively charged and acts as the main filtration barrier to filter large molecules of negative charge, e.g., albumin.
- Visceral epithelial cells (podocytes)
- Mesangial cells
- Parietal epithelial cells
-
Glomerular disease terminology:
- The percentage of glomeruli affected:
- Focal: <50%
- Diffuse: >50%
- The part of the glomerulus affected:
- Segmental: only a segment is affected
- Global: the whole glomerulus is affected
- Cell details:
- Hypercellularity
- Crescent formation
- Tubular changes
- The percentage of glomeruli affected:
-
Studies on renal biopsy specimens:
- Technique:
- Light microscopy (H&E, PAS, PASM) - classifies the type of glomerular disease
- Immunofluorescence - identifies protein deposition (e.g., anti-IgA Ab)
- Technique:
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
-
Causes of ATN:
- Ischemic - hypovolemia caused by shock, MI, etc.
- Nephrotoxic - aminoglycosides (most common)
- Paracetamol causes oxidative injury through a toxic metabolite.
-
Pathology:
- Death of tubular epithelial cells leading to cast formation.
- Tubular basement membrane remains intact.
- Proximal tubules are mainly affected due to oxidative stress and accumulation.
- Recovery depends on the severity.
Obstructive Nephropathy
-
Causes:
- Intraluminal obstruction - renal stone (urolithiasis)
- Mural changes - in the wall of the urinary track (e.g., bladder stone)
-
Pathology:
- Acute pain caused by acute obstruction.
- Impaired renal function.
- Dilated ureter.
- Cellular changes in tubules (e.g., cell size increase)
- Acute tubular injury
Immunologic Transplant Rejection (Kidney Transplantation)
-
Types:
- Cellular-mediated rejection
- Antibody-mediated rejection (humoral)
-
Pathology:
- Swollen kidney with inflammation and edema.
- Immunosuppressant treatment.
- Interstitial infiltrate (inflammation of the interstitium)
- Tubulitis (inflammation of renal tubules)
-
Lesions:
- Reversible with acute cellular rejection.
- Chronic insult (progressive fibrosis) with chronic rejection.
Vascular Diseases:
-
Atherosclerosis:
- Large arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.
-
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis:
- Cause: benign hypertension
-
Pathology:
- Hyaline arteriolosclerosis of renal arterioles - protein and lipid deposition.
- Tubular atrophy, glomerular sclerosis (focal segmental)
- Small kidneys with a finely granular surface.
-
Thrombotic Microangiopathy:
- Caused by malignant hypertension, HUS/TTP, etc.
- Pathology:
- Microthrombi obstruct blood flow, causing ischemia in various organs.
- Endothelial cell degeneration.
- Thrombosis
-
ANCA Vasculitis:
- Autoimmune disease
- Pathology:
- ANCAs (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) stimulate neutrophil infiltration of the vessel wall.
- Endothelial cell degeneration leading to cortical infarcts.
- Fibrinoid necrosis.
- Inflammatory cell infiltration.
- Leakage of serum protein and coagulation factors.
- Deposition of fibrin-like protein in small vessels.
Cystic Diseases:
-
Simple cyst:
- Most common adult renal cyst; generally benign.
-
Pathogenesis:
- Intratubular obstruction.
- Defect in tubular BM matrix causing altered cell growth.
- Defective fluid secretion resulting in fluid-filled sacs.### Cystic Renal Dysplasia
- Abnormality in fetal kidney development, characterized by abnormal structures like cartilage.
- The kidneys are non-functional and often associated with urinary tract obstruction.
- This condition can be caused by mutations in the genes responsible for cilia, sensory organelles that regulate cell function.
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
- An autosomal dominant condition caused by mutation in the PKD1 gene on chromosome 16.
- The mutation affects polycystin, a protein involved in cell signaling pathways.
- This leads to abnormal cell proliferation and imbalances in ion secretion.
- Cysts can form in various organs, including the kidneys, liver, and pancreas.
Juvenile Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
- An autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene on chromosome 6.
- The mutation affects fibrocystin, a protein that regulates the function of polycystin-2.
- This can result in stillbirth or rapid progression to end-stage renal disease.
Dialysis-Acquired Cystic Disease (DACD)
- Occurs in approximately 50% of individuals on long-term dialysis.
- Tubular obstruction develops due to interstitial fibrosis, oxalate crystal deposits, and other factors.
- Increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
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Description
Explore the essential aspects of glomerular disease, including its pathology and classification. Learn about the components of the glomerular filtration barrier and the significance of renal biopsy studies. This quiz will enhance your understanding of the terminology and conditions associated with glomerular diseases.