Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the percentage increase in cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) worldwide in 2020?
What is the percentage increase in cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) worldwide in 2020?
What is the unit of measurement for the additional disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by MDD and AD?
What is the unit of measurement for the additional disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by MDD and AD?
Which age group was most affected by MDD and AD?
Which age group was most affected by MDD and AD?
What is the limitation of the GBD 2020 prevalence rates?
What is the limitation of the GBD 2020 prevalence rates?
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Which group was more affected by MDD and AD, males or females?
Which group was more affected by MDD and AD, males or females?
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What is the main source of data for the GBD 2020?
What is the main source of data for the GBD 2020?
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In which type of countries were the GBD study estimates based on?
In which type of countries were the GBD study estimates based on?
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What is the percentage increase in cases of anxiety disorders (AD) worldwide in 2020?
What is the percentage increase in cases of anxiety disorders (AD) worldwide in 2020?
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What is the pooled effect size for mental health problems comparing before vs. during pandemic in the general population?
What is the pooled effect size for mental health problems comparing before vs. during pandemic in the general population?
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How many studies were included in the analysis of mental health problems before vs. during pandemic in the mixed population?
How many studies were included in the analysis of mental health problems before vs. during pandemic in the mixed population?
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What is the pooled effect size for anxiety comparing before vs. March–April 2020 in the mixed population?
What is the pooled effect size for anxiety comparing before vs. March–April 2020 in the mixed population?
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How many comparisons were made in the analysis of mental health problems before vs. during pandemic in the mixed population?
How many comparisons were made in the analysis of mental health problems before vs. during pandemic in the mixed population?
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What is the pooled effect size for mental health problems comparing before vs. during pandemic in individuals with pre-existing physical health conditions?
What is the pooled effect size for mental health problems comparing before vs. during pandemic in individuals with pre-existing physical health conditions?
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What is the pooled effect size for PSHM vs. no PHSM in the general adult population?
What is the pooled effect size for PSHM vs. no PHSM in the general adult population?
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How many studies were included in the analysis of anxiety comparing before vs. May–July 2020 in the mixed population?
How many studies were included in the analysis of anxiety comparing before vs. May–July 2020 in the mixed population?
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What is the pooled effect size for mental health problems comparing before vs. during pandemic in university students?
What is the pooled effect size for mental health problems comparing before vs. during pandemic in university students?
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What was the standardized mean difference for depression in the general population found by Kunzler et al.?
What was the standardized mean difference for depression in the general population found by Kunzler et al.?
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What was the Hedges' g for anxiety found by Prati & Mancini in the general population?
What was the Hedges' g for anxiety found by Prati & Mancini in the general population?
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What was the change in mental health symptoms for people with pre-existing mental disorders found by one meta-analysis?
What was the change in mental health symptoms for people with pre-existing mental disorders found by one meta-analysis?
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What was the change in mental health symptoms for health care workers found by one meta-analysis?
What was the change in mental health symptoms for health care workers found by one meta-analysis?
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What was the standardized mean change for anxiety and depression in health care workers found by one meta-analysis?
What was the standardized mean change for anxiety and depression in health care workers found by one meta-analysis?
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What was the standardized mean change for depression and anxiety in the general population found by Prati & Mancini?
What was the standardized mean change for depression and anxiety in the general population found by Prati & Mancini?
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What was the change in mental health symptoms for people with pre-existing physical health conditions found by one meta-analysis?
What was the change in mental health symptoms for people with pre-existing physical health conditions found by one meta-analysis?
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What type of studies were used to examine mental health in the general population in most of the meta-analyses?
What type of studies were used to examine mental health in the general population in most of the meta-analyses?
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What was the outcome of the interrupted time series analysis of monthly trends in 21 countries during the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic?
What was the outcome of the interrupted time series analysis of monthly trends in 21 countries during the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic?
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How many countries reported a drop in suicide rates by the end of October 2020?
How many countries reported a drop in suicide rates by the end of October 2020?
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Which of the following countries reported an increase in suicide rates?
Which of the following countries reported an increase in suicide rates?
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How many studies from LMICs were included in the systematic review?
How many studies from LMICs were included in the systematic review?
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What was the outcome of the time series analyses from seven countries?
What was the outcome of the time series analyses from seven countries?
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What was the outcome of the studies on sex and age differences in suicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic?
What was the outcome of the studies on sex and age differences in suicide rates during the COVID-19 pandemic?
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Which of the following countries reported an increase in suicide mortality in a study published after the update?
Which of the following countries reported an increase in suicide mortality in a study published after the update?
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What was the limitation of the studies from LMICs in the systematic review?
What was the limitation of the studies from LMICs in the systematic review?
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What was the pooled effect of the study?
What was the pooled effect of the study?
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What was the limitation of the studies included in the meta-analysis?
What was the limitation of the studies included in the meta-analysis?
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Which group of people was found to have an increase in mental health problems during the pandemic?
Which group of people was found to have an increase in mental health problems during the pandemic?
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What was found to be a risk factor for mental health problems during the pandemic?
What was found to be a risk factor for mental health problems during the pandemic?
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What was a limitation of the prevalence rates reported in the studies?
What was a limitation of the prevalence rates reported in the studies?
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What is a gap in the research identified in the study?
What is a gap in the research identified in the study?
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What was found to be associated with higher prevalence rates of mental health problems?
What was found to be associated with higher prevalence rates of mental health problems?
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What is a recommendation for future research?
What is a recommendation for future research?
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Study Notes
Process and Methodology
- The brief summarizes the Global Burden of Disease 2020 study (GBD 2020) and evidence from research commissioned by WHO.
- The research includes an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, an update to a living systematic review, and other relevant WHO publications.
- Literature searches were not restricted by language.
Mental Health Problems
- The GBD 2020 estimated a 27.6% increase in cases of major depressive disorder (MDD) and a 25.6% increase in cases of anxiety disorders (AD) worldwide in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The pandemic was estimated to have caused 137.1 additional disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 population for MDD and 116.1 per 100,000 population for AD.
- The greatest increases in MDD and AD were found in places highly affected by COVID-19, with females and younger people (especially those aged 20-24 years) more affected.
- Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were also majorly affected.
- GBD 2020 prevalence rates are based on statistical modeling from survey data, which can lead to over- or under-estimates and uncertainties.
- Estimates are based largely on data from high-income countries and may generalize less to LMICs.
Increases in Symptoms of Depression and Mood Disorders
- Increases in symptoms of depression and mood disorders remained significant over time.
- Symptoms of anxiety did not increase significantly over time.
- Moderate symptom increases in depression and small but significant increases in symptoms of anxiety were found in the general population.
Health Care Workers
- Only cross-sectional studies were conducted on health care workers.
- One meta-analysis found no increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression in health care workers during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic prevalence rates.
Specific Populations
- Only two out of 26 eligible meta-analyses reported changes in mental health symptoms based on longitudinal data or a comparison with pre-pandemic cross-sectional prevalence rates.
- The first found no increase in mental health symptoms for people with pre-existing mental disorders, non-significant increases for university students and children and adolescents, and a significant increase for people with pre-existing physical health conditions.
- The second found significant increases in mental health symptoms for people with pre-existing physical health conditions.
Limitations
- There is a lack of studies with longitudinal designs.
- Most eligible meta-analyses were rated as low quality, with a high risk of bias.
- Prevalence rates were often based on diverse screening tools that were not always validated and used different cut-off scores to reflect mild, moderate, or severe symptoms.
- Meta-regression analyses revealed that studies with high risk of bias often yielded higher prevalence rates.
Key Findings
- There was a significant increase in mental health problems in the general population in the first year of the pandemic.
- Younger age, female gender, and pre-existing health conditions were often reported risk factors.
- Further research on mental health and COVID-19 among specific at-risk populations and in LMICs is needed.
Suicide
- The update to an ongoing living systematic review identified 51 time-series studies or reports comparing national or subnational suicide rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- None of the 21 countries reported evidence of an increase in suicide rates in the first four months of the pandemic (April–July 2020).
- There was evidence of a fall in rates in 12 countries.
- By the end of October 2020, areas in another three countries showed a drop in suicide rates, while there was evidence of suicide rate increases (5–31%) in Vienna, Austria, Japan, and Puerto Rico.
- Few studies were from LMICs, with a systematic review of studies from LMICs finding only 22 studies, mostly low-quality, with no data from Africa.
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Description
This quiz is based on the Global Burden of Disease 2020 study and research commissioned by WHO, providing recent estimates of mental disorders and their frequency.
