Global Health and Millennium Development Goals

Community Global Health

• Global health is a field focused on improving health and achieving health equity worldwide.
• It is collaborative and transnational, crossing national borders and involving multiple countries.
• Research in global health is evidence-based and draws on diverse disciplines.
• Action in global health prioritizes using evidence-based information to improve health and health equity in all countries.
• Promoting health uses strategies including social, economic, and environmental development.

Millennium Development Goals

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Achieve universal primary education
• Promote gender equality and empower women
• Reduce child mortality
• Improve maternal health
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• Ensure environmental sustainability
• Global partnership for development

Global Health Goals and Objectives

• Health security involves preventing, detecting, and responding to disease outbreaks and other public health threats.
• Health impact focuses on reducing morbidity and mortality from high-burden diseases, and fostering healthy populations.
• Public health science leadership emphasizes using credible scientific information to develop and apply expertise.
• Public health programs should drive innovation for more effective tools and technologies.

Global Health Challenges

• Air pollution and climate change are causing premature deaths, reduced human performance, and economic losses.
• WHO estimates 7 million premature deaths are due to air pollution annually. Heat exhaustion and reduced human performance are often overlooked in climate change health impact analysis. In some areas, 30–40% of annual daylight hours become too hot for work to be carried out.
• Adaptation measures such as changes to working practices, and use of air-cooling technologies are needed to lessen the impact.

Preventing Climate Change

• Six key actions, such as reducing emissions, saving energy, and encouraging sustainable living choices contribute to effectively prevent climate change.

Non-Communicable Diseases

• Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, with most deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries.
• NCDs include heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and mental health conditions.
• NCDs caused over 38 million deaths annually accounting for 70% of global deaths.

Combating NCDs

• Combating NCDs requires reducing premature mortality from NCDs, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity, reducing salt intake, resisting the rise in diabetes and obesity, reducing tobacco use, preventing heart attacks, treating and controlling blood pressure, and improving the availability of treatment.

Global Influenza Pandemic

• WHO works with countries to monitor and detect potential pandemic strains of influenza.
• Preparedness is crucial for effective response and management of future influenza pandemics.
• Viruses are constantly changing- this means anticipating novel viruses and refining tools for identifying new strains.

Fragile and Vulnerable Settings

• A quarter of the global population live in crisis zones, such as areas affected by conflicts, droughts, or displacement.
• Armed conflicts increase morbidity and mortality, damage health systems, and displace populations.
• Conflict reduces resources available for health-systems leading to further health challenges.

Antimicrobial Resistance

• Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat due to inappropriate antibiotic use, prescriptions, over-the-counter availability, patient adherence, substandard medications, and self-medication.
• AMR is increasingly a concern in agriculture due to agricultural antibiotic use. Overuse in animal agriculture contributes to the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Ebola and Other High-Threat Pathogens

• Ebola, Zika, Nipah, Mers-CoV, and SARS have the potential to spread quickly and cause severe outcomes, especially in areas with limited healthcare access.
• Outbreak occurrences in conflict zones or restricted-access areas may significantly worsen the spread of infectious diseases.
• Transmission from animals to humans can occur through bush-meat consumption.

Weak Primary Health Care

• Many countries lack universal access to primary health care due to resource limitations.
• Primary health care systems needs to be strengthened and focused on to achieve universal health coverage.

Vaccine Hesitancy

• Hesitancy to vaccinate may threaten decades of progress in the fight against infectious diseases.
• Vaccines prevent millions of deaths annually, and further impact can be seen through increased prevalence and severity of preventable diseases.
• Parents' concerns about safety, efficacy and necessity often lead to hesitation concerning vaccines.

Dengue

• Dengue is a dangerous mosquito-borne viral disease, with 4 different subtypes and has caused over 400 million infections annually.
• Dengue is spreading to areas that have had little prior exposure.

HIV

• Over 70 million have been infected with HIV. 50% have died.
• Young women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa are among the most vulnerable demographics.
• Challenges to combatting the virus are numerous and complex.

This quiz explores the principles of global health, focusing on its achievements and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. It highlights strategies for health equity, disease prevention, and the role of international collaboration in improving health worldwide.