3rd Year Community Global Health PDF

Community Global HealtH rd 3 year by: dr. doHa elsHamy 3rd Year Community Global Health Definition: ‘An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide....

Community Global HealtH rd 3 year by: dr. doHa elsHamy 3rd Year Community Global Health Definition: ‘An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide. It is collaborative transnational research and action that promotes health for all. Collaborative = collective (group effort) Trans-national =crosses over the national boundaries. Trans-national action requires the involvement of more than two countries, with at least one outside the traditional regional groupings, without which it would be considered a localized or regional issue. Research evidence-based for policy based on a full range of disciplines especially research that highlights the effects of transnational determinants of health. Action = highlights the importance of using evidence-based information in all countries to improve health and health equity. Promoting = using a full range of public health strategies to improve health, including social, economic, and environmental development Health for all positions global health at the forefront interest in multi-sectoral approaches to health improvement and the need to strengthen primary health care as the basis of all health systems. 1|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y 3rd Year Community Goals and objectives of global health 1- Health Security: Protect the populations across the globe by strengthening global public health prevention, detection, and response: - To prevent and detect disease outbreaks and other public health threats - For timely and effective response to disease outbreaks and other health threats - To build resilient public health systems to protect and secure essential healthcare services 2- Health Impact: Save lives, improve health outcomes, and foster healthy populations globally through: - Reduce the morbidity and mortality of high-burden diseases and conditions - Eliminate and eradicate priority diseases and other public health threats 3- Public Health Science Leadership by using credible scientific information through: -Develop and apply global public health scientific, laboratory, and programmatic expertise -Translate and disseminate evidence-based research and data into global health guidance and programs - Drive innovation to accelerate new, more effective tools, products, strategies, and technologies -Promote and ensure health equity as a central tenet across public health science, program, and policy Global health challenges according to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 1- Air Pollution and Climate Change The WHO estimates that 90% of people in the world inhale polluted air daily, causing 7 million premature deaths yearly. Heat exhaustion and reduced human performance are often overlooked in climate change health impact analysis. In some areas, 30–40% of annual daylight hours will become too hot for work to be carried out. The social and economic impacts will be considerable, with global gross domestic product (GDP) losses greater than 20% by 2100. Without effective adaptation measures, workers engaged in heavy labor or working in humid and poorly ventilated conditions face increased risks of heat stress and are likely to suffer reduced performance and work capacity as a consequence. To reduce these impacts, a range of adaptation measures will be needed, geared toward local conditions and communities. These include changes in working practices, mechanization of heavy labor, and the installation and use of air-cooling technologies. 2|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y 3rd Year Community 2- Noncommunicable Diseases 70% of deaths worldwide can be traced to noncommunicable diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. 15 million people are dying prematurely as a result – and over 85% are in low- and middle-income countries. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), principally cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, and mental health conditions, together with neurologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, allergic, and autoimmune disorders, have commanded increasing attention in recent years, and with good reason. These diseases kill more than 38 million people each year, accounting for 70% of global deaths). Among the victims are more than 14 million adults who, in the words of the World Health Organization (WHO), “die too young”—that is, between the ages of 30 and 70. 3|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y 3rd Year Community Combating NCDs 3- Global Influenza Pandemic The WHO works with 153 institutions in 114 countries to monitor and detect potential pandemic strains of influenza. Preparedness is key to the response and management of a future flu pandemic. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, leading many to assert that the only predictable thing about influenza is that it is unpredictable. Anticipating that additional unexpected novel viruses will emerge, public health officials have developed and refined several laboratory, surveillance, and assessment tools to better characterize newly identified viruses. Through ongoing watchful surveillance and use of different methodologies such as genomic surveillance and vaccine virus gene synthesis, public health officials can be more prepared for the next unexpected influenza threat. 4|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y 3rd Year Community 4- Fragile and Vulnerable Settings One-quarter of the global population finds itself in areas of crisis, whether due to conflict, drought/famine, or displacement. Limited access to basic care makes these populations more vulnerable to disease and violence. War and other forms of armed conflict cause extensive morbidity and mortality among military personnel and noncombatant civilians. Morbidity includes a wide range of disorders, from disabling injuries to adverse effects on mental health, some of which continue for long periods and even impair future generations. Populations suffer much morbidity during, and in the aftermath of, armed conflict because of damage to the health- supporting infrastructure of society, including systems to provide safe food and water, medical care and public health services, sanitation and hygiene, transportation, communication, and electrical power. Armed conflict uproots individuals, families, and entire communities, accounting for large numbers of internally displaced persons and refugees. Armed conflict diverts human and financial resources away from nonmilitary purposes. And finally, armed conflict leads to further violence 5- Antimicrobial Resistance Many dangerous bacteria have evolved that are resistant to the drugs that have been developed to fight them, weakening our ability to treat infection and life-threatening diseases. Inappropriate antibiotic use is a universal issue in human medicine. Inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions, over-the-counter availability, poor patient adherence to prescribed medications, use of substandard medications, and self-medication with previously unused antibiotics all fuel the development of resistance. Concern is increasing over agricultural antibiotic use and the threat it poses to human health. In animals, Sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics intended for growth promotion, combined with crowded conditions, are thought to contribute to antimicrobial resistance globally. 5|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y 3rd Year Community As early as the 1960s, studies revealed that drug-resistant Salmonella discovered in food animals and humans transferred resistance traits to other enteric bacteria. Human medicine and agriculture must work together to control resistance. 6- Ebola and Other High-Threat Pathogens The spread of diseases such as Ebola, Zika, Nipah, Mers-CoV, and SARS can be drastically worsened if an outbreak occurs in active conflict zones or areas with limited healthcare access. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the West Africa epidemic resulted in a total of 28,646 cases of Ebola, 11,323 of them fatal, as of the end of March 2016. In Africa, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are heavily affected, but Ebola cases were also recognized in Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal. Outside of Africa, Ebola was imported into several European countries and the United States by infected healthcare workers repatriated and by travelers incubating illness. Hospital transmission to staff caring for infected patients occurred in Spain and the United States. 6|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y 3rd Year Community 7- Weak Primary Health Care Many countries do not have universal access to primary health care, either due to a lack of resources or to an increased focus on single diseases. "Health systems with strong primary health care are needed to achieve universal health coverage Compared to their urban counterparts, rural and remote inhabitants experience lower life expectancy and poorer health status 8- Vaccine Hesitancy Reluctance or refusal to vaccinate is threatening decades of progress in the global fight against infectious diseases. Vaccines prevent 2 to 3 million deaths a year with the potential to save another 1.5 million. Despite the impact vaccination has had on the control and prevention of many infectious diseases, some parents choose not to vaccinate their children Hesitancy arises from parents’ concerns about whether vaccines are safe, efficacious, and necessary with distrust in the government, organized medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry. 9-Dengue (Den gee) Dengue (Deng gee): A dangerous mosquito-borne viral disease (4 subtypes) and blood-borne causes 400 million infections/year, spreading to countries that had never seen it before as mosquito season is lengthening due to climate change. In May 2024, the WHO approved 2 vaccines against dengue fever are now available (given subcutaneous- 2 doses, at least 3 months apart starting from the age of 6 years and at least 6 months after the previous infection and it is not recommended for pregnant females or the immunocompromised) 10-HIV Over 70 million people worldwide have been infected with HIV and 50% of these people have died. Young girls and women in sub-Saharan Africa are among the most vulnerable demographics. While progress against the disease has been enormous, numerous challenges persist. 7|Pa ge B y : D r. D o h a E l s h a m y