Global Fisheries and Aquaculture Production
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the total world fisheries and aquaculture production did molluscs comprise in 2019?

  • 20%
  • 13% (correct)
  • 5%
  • 30%

    • How much did the total world fisheries and aquaculture production expand from 2000 to 2019?

  • 30 million tons
  • 20 million tons
  • 40 million tons
  • 52 million tons (correct)

    • What is the approximate percentage of mollusc shells that are represented by oyster, clam, scallop, and mussel shells?

  • 70% (correct)
  • 80%
  • 60%
  • 50%

    • What is the primary mode of disposal of shells?

    <p>Dumping at sea or sending to landfill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of uncontrolled disposal of shells?

    <p>Soil, water, and marine ecosystems are modified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do shells become waste in low-income countries?

    <p>Due to inadequate preservation infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage can shells be detached from flesh?

    <p>At various processing steps, by the aquaculture producers, processing companies, restaurants, or by individual consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells are produced globally each year?

    <p>8 million tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of crushed oyster shells in biological nitrification and ammonia removal?

    <p>Acts as a buffer for pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of soft calcite prepared from waste blue mussel shells?

    <p>Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution and absorption of crude oil from seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of demineralization and deproteination of crustacean shells?

    <p>Formation of water-insoluble chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of chitin and chitosan in water treatment?

    <p>Removal of proteins and lipids from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcination on the heavy metal removal efficiency of shells?

    <p>Increases the efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of shell powder on contaminated water?

    <p>Removes Pb2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ from water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcined shells on soil pH?

    <p>Increases soil pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of applying calcined oyster shells to agricultural soil?

    <p>Decreases Cd2+ and As2+ contents in the edible part of cabbage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of crushed mussel shell on copper-rich vineyard and mine soils?

    <p>Decreases Cu2+ desorption rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can crushed mollusc shells be used as a replacement for in soil amendment?

    <p>Mined limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acid mine drainage (AMD)?

    <p>Exposure of pyrite to water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of acid mine drainage on aquatic environment?

    <p>It has a harmful effect on aquatic life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of biomaterials in treating acid mine drainage?

    <p>To enhance the precipitation of metal hydroxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential of constructed wetlands in treating acid mine drainage?

    <p>High effectiveness and low cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem associated with ocean acidification?

    <p>Decrease in seawater pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are most sensitive to ocean acidification?

    <p>Larval calcifier organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in mitigating ocean acidification?

    <p>Buffering the decrease in seawater carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of waste shells on mussel banks?

    <p>Decreasing benthic acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of waste shells in defaunated sites?

    <p>Decreasing the accumulation of by-products from anaerobic metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells as settlement substrates?

    <p>Increasing the settlement of shellfish larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might occur to metals in the marine water column at high PCO2?

    <p>They are released from shell dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of water-saturated weight tests for shell types?

    <p>To establish their feasibility on buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a valuable source of calcium in the food and nutraceutical industry?

    <p>Natural shell powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of calcium supplementation from shell powders in livestock?

    <p>Improved bone health and blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Ca supplementation in osteoporotic patients in the form of oyster shell electrolysate?

    <p>It raises serum Ca and increases urinary Ca excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a byproduct of the deproteinization process of crustacean shell waste?

    <p>Chitin-derived products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antibacterial effect of macromolecular chitosan on aquatic and meat products?

    <p>It inhibits bacterial growth and increases shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chitosan on Bacillus cereus spore germination and (out)growth?

    <p>It inhibits spore germination and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of covalent immobilization of chitinase on glutaraldehyde-activated chitosan?

    <p>To overcome impediments in the deproteinization process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitosan as a food additive?

    <p>It inhibits bacterial growth and extends shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of shells?

    <p>Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature required for the thermal decomposition of shells?

    <p>1000 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shells difficult to dispose of?

    <p>Due to their geographical distribution and cost of transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calcining shells?

    <p>To convert calcium carbonate into calcium oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many mollusc species are marketed for ornamental purposes?

    <p>At least 5000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the European Commission's Green Growth and Circular Economy package?

    <p>To encourage sustainable use of existing mollusc shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of shell waste reutilization?

    <p>It is a current and potential strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reviewing previous studies on shell waste reutilization?

    <p>To investigate the importance and status of mollusc and crustacean shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of valorizing shells?

    <p>To promote sustainable use of existing mollusc shell waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are shells considered a valuable resource?

    <p>Due to their environmental, economic, and social benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of this review?

    <p>The unmentioned potential biomedical applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sector represented in search hits?

    <p>Construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do shells with organic residue attached need to be cleaned?

    <p>To increase the purity of CaCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of publications from 2010 till 2019?

    <p>40.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of enzymatic cleaning of shells?

    <p>To produce protein hydrolysate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of heating shells at 500 °C?

    <p>Burning off residual organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ball milling and ultrasound-assisted hydrogen peroxide decolorization in the processing of crayfish shells?

    <p>To facilitate the hydrolysis of the shells into oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using enzymatic cleaning over other methods?

    <p>It is more energy efficient and environmentally friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mollusc shells be cleaned for synthesizing aragonite needles by carbonation?

    <p>By cleaning with water and ethyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of enzymatic hydrolysis on shrimp shells?

    <p>Bio-conversion into valuable nitrogen-containing compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in cleaning shells with fresh water?

    <p>It is very demanding on water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using waste shells in wastewater treatment?

    <p>They are adsorbents for phosphate removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are intact shells poorly hydrolyzed by chitinases?

    <p>Because they are not pre-demineralized and deproteinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of publications were from the year 2020 till November 2022?

    <p>44.44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between raw shells and calcined shells in phosphate removal?

    <p>Calcined shells are more effective in phosphate removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of shells in nitrate removal from wastewater of fish farms?

    <p>They provide an alkalizing effect on the low-alkaline aquaculture effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are enzymes often not used in certain applications?

    <p>They are very complex molecules and often extremely costly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of chitin film and fiber in medicine?

    <p>Wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of phosphate removal from wastewater using raw shells?

    <p>Adsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using crushed seashells in woodchip bioreactors?

    <p>To provide an alkalizing effect on the low-alkaline aquaculture effluents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What properties of chitosan make it an excellent ingredient in topical skin ointments?

    <p>Antibacterial and fungistatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are waste shells considered a potential solution for environmental applications?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using calcined oyster shell powder as a biofiller in plastics?

    <p>Improves mechanical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of biopackaging made from chitin biopolymers?

    <p>To inhibit microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in developing biomaterials from shell waste?

    <p>Stability and pH sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using mollusc shells in the production of hydroxyapatite?

    <p>Lower temperature requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chitin and chitosan in wound healing?

    <p>Stimulating macrophage production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of mollusc shells in medical radiation shielding?

    <p>X-ray shielding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using biodegradable chitin biopolymers in packaging?

    <p>Reduces plastic waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in commercializing biomaterials from shell waste?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitin and its derivatives?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of synthesizing chitosan?

    <p>Deacetylation of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biomedical application of chitosan?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of oyster shell powder in cosmetics?

    <p>As a substitute for oxybenzone, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide in sunscreen lotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of hydroxyapatite in tissue engineering?

    <p>As a scaffold for bone tissue regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using hydroxyapatite in bone tissue engineering?

    <p>It has excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitin nanofibers?

    <p>In drug delivery and nanocomposites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of synthesizing chitin nanoparticles?

    <p>Treatment with 3M HCl or 3M H2SO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using chitin and its derivatives in biomedical applications?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitin hydrogels?

    <p>In bone tissue regeneration and drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using mollusc shells for reef restoration?

    <p>To promote biodiversity through complex habitat formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major air pollutant causing acid rain?

    <p>Sulfur dioxide (SO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using calcined oyster shells over limestone for acid gas cleaning?

    <p>Higher SO2 removal activity and reaction rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative to sodium chloride (NaCl) for road de-icing?

    <p>Crushed freshwater bivalve shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste CaCO3 derived from waste shells for road de-icing?

    <p>It is environmentally friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mollusc shells in green roofing structures?

    <p>To help with the neutralization of acid rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge of using calcined shells for large-scale applications?

    <p>High temperatures and special machinery required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the issue with using raw shells as bio-filters?

    <p>They are unstable in acidic waters and form sludge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern with using shells from certain sources for environmental applications?

    <p>They may contain high levels of heavy metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mollusc shells for environmental applications?

    <p>They can be used to reduce pollution and promote biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely used building material discussed in the content?

    <p>Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the binder component of concrete?

    <p>Cement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of incorporating mollusc shell ash/powder for cement partial replacement?

    <p>Reduced early compressive strength of concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using mollusc shells as cement additives?

    <p>To reduce production costs while meeting standards for mechanical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using waste shell powder in cement-based materials?

    <p>It can supplement the non-renewable limestone powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of using mollusc shells as aggregates in concrete?

    <p>It reduces the strength of concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mollusc shells in construction?

    <p>It reduces the environmental pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge associated with the pretreatment of waste shells?

    <p>It requires significant amounts of resources and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem associated with the use of high chloride content in aggregates?

    <p>It causes the faster corrosion of steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of waste shells in construction?

    <p>As a cement additive, aggregate, and asphalt modifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radicals do chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides scavenge?

    <p>Free radicals (oxygen, hydroxyl, superoxide and alkyl groups)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of astaxanthin in crustaceans and wild salmonids?

    <p>Responsible for the pink pigmentation of crustaceans and wild salmonids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chitosan on LDL-cholesterol levels?

    <p>Decreases LDL-cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides remove cholesterol from the digestive tract?

    <p>By ionic binding with bile salts and acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on peripheral blood pressure?

    <p>Decreases peripheral blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using chitosan for weight loss?

    <p>It is only effective in the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitosan in the treatment of hypertension?

    <p>As a carrier of antihypertensive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge in extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells?

    <p>It requires fractionation for separating different components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of using shells in industrial processes?

    <p>They have a high bioaccumulation capacity for Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of chitin and chitosan in the production of glucosamine products?

    <p>As anti-arthritic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with using waste shells as an aggregate replacement material in concrete?

    <p>The transportation of shells from distant locations may increase the overall cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the aquaculture industry not currently utilizing waste shells as a valuable resource?

    <p>The shells are not collected and handled in an organized manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using cleaner energy sources in the repurposing of waste shells?

    <p>Reducing the environmental impact of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential environmental benefit of repurposing waste shells?

    <p>Sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to evaluate the environmental impact of waste shell repurposing?

    <p>To ensure that the process is reducing the environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in utilizing waste shells as a sustainable resource?

    <p>The lack of infrastructure for collecting and handling the shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using waste shells in industrial applications?

    <p>Providing a sustainable alternative to traditional materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to support the development of a sustainable waste shell bioeconomy?

    <p>Integrated support from legislative, local government, and industry operators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fisheries and Aquaculture Production

    • The total world fisheries and aquaculture production showed a 41% growth from 2000 to 2019, reaching 178 million tons in 2019.
    • Molluscs comprised 13% of the total production, while crustaceans comprised 9%.

    Shell Waste Generation and Composition

    • Close to 8 million tons of waste crab, shrimp, and lobster shells are produced globally each year, comprising up to 60% of overall crab mass.
    • Over 10 million tons of mollusc shells are produced annually, with over 70% represented by oyster, clam, scallop, and mussel shells.
    • Shell waste accounts for 65-90% of live weight, depending on the species.
    • Mussels have the greatest increase in production and shell contribution compared to other shellfish species.

    Shell Waste Disposal and Environmental Impacts

    • Disposed shells are primarily dumped at sea or sent to landfills, causing environmental damage.
    • Shell waste can lead to decomposition of residual tissues, foul odors, and visual pollution.
    • Shell waste is generated at various locations, including fisheries, aquaculture, processing companies, restaurants, and individual consumers.

    Chemical Composition of Shells

    • Shells are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
    • The decomposition of shells requires high temperatures of over 1000°C, resulting in high energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

    Valorization of Shell Waste

    • Shell waste can be valorized through various applications, including agriculture, medicine, chemical production, construction, environmental protection, and cosmetics.
    • The valorization of shells and the unlocking of markets for new products is essential for sustainable waste management.

    Cleaning and Preparation of Shells

    • Shells need to be cleaned prior to industrial use.
    • Cleaning methods include washing with freshwater, heating at 500°C to burn off residual organic material, and enzymatic cleaning.

    Environmental Applications of Shell Waste

    • Shell waste can be used for water purification and bio-filters, particularly in wastewater treatment and phosphate removal.
    • Calcined shells can be used for heavy metal removal from water and wastewater.
    • Shell waste can be used for soil remediation, acid mine drainage treatment, and ocean deacidification.

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Cleaning shells with freshwater is water-intensive, and the use of enzymes is costly.
    • The calcination of shells requires high temperatures, resulting in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.### Sensitivity to Ocean Acidification
    • Shellfish are more sensitive to ocean acidification at the larval stage than at the adult stage
    • Ocean acidification can negatively impact shellfish production
    • Increasing seawater alkalinity can help mitigate the effects of ocean acidification
    • Restoration of macroalgae and seagrass beds can remove CO2 from seawater during photosynthesis

    Use of Waste Shells

    • Waste shells can be used to buffer decreases in seawater carbonate due to ocean acidification
    • Placing shell reefs adjacent to shellfish farms can improve pH and carbonate geochemical conditions
    • Waste shells can control benthic acidity, prevent heavy metal speciation, and reduce eutrophication
    • Waste shells can serve as settlement substrates for free-living shellfish larvae and as shelter for other aquatic organisms

    Flue Gas Treatment

    • Calcined shell waste can be used as an excellent biosorbent material to remove pollutants like SO2, SO3, H2S, and NOx
    • Calcined oyster shells can be used to prepare CaO adsorbent for CO2 sequestration

    Road De-icing

    • Crushed freshwater bivalve shells can be used as an alternative to sodium chloride (NaCl) for road de-icing
    • Calcium-magnesium acetate or calcium acetate derivatives can be used as environmentally friendly road de-icers

    Green Roofing

    • Mollusc shells can be used as a material for green roofing structures, such as drainage layers, or to help neutralize acid rain
    • Shells have bioremediation potential and can be used to reduce runoff water

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Calcination of waste shells requires high temperatures and special machinery, making it a non-sustainable solution
    • Using raw shells as bio-filters can be a more sustainable solution, but requires careful consideration of instability in acidic waters and sludge formation

    Food and Feed Additives; Nutraceuticals

    • Waste shells can be used to produce natural shell powder, a relevant source of calcium for the food and nutraceutical industry
    • Chitin is widely used to immobilize enzymes and whole cells in the food industry
    • Chitosan is used as a preservative, thickener, and stabilizer in food products

    Calcium Supplement

    • Calcium supplementation from shell powders can improve bone health, blood circulation, and eggshell quality in livestock

    Protein Supplement

    • Meals derived from crustacean shell waste are usable feed ingredients, rich in essential amino acids
    • Shell fermentation products can be used as a feed ingredient in the aquaculture industry

    Antibacterials for Food

    • Macromolecular chitosan has powerful antibacterial properties, inhibiting bacterial growth on surfaces of aquatic and meat products

    Bioactive Molecules/Antioxidants

    • Chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative sequences

    Bioactive Molecules/Cholesterol Reduction

    • Chitosan acts as a hypocholesterolemic agent, reducing LDL-cholesterol levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels

    Bioactive Molecules/Blood Pressure Reduction

    • Chitosan oligosaccharides have angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, reducing peripheral blood pressure and having an anti-hypertensive effect

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Extracting chemicals from waste crustacean shells is destructive and expensive, requiring fractionation and the use of hazardous chemicals
    • A sustainable fractionation method to separate proteins, CaCO3, and chitin without hazardous chemicals is needed

    Biomaterials

    • Shells of both crustaceans and molluscs have potential applications in biofuels, flavors, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and biomaterials
    • Chitin and chitosan can be used as chemical building blocks for various biomedical applications

    Bone Tissue Regeneration/Bioceramic

    • Powdered oyster nacre can stimulate bone cell differentiation and bone formation in vitro and in vivo
    • Oyster shell powder can be used as an injectable osteogenic biomaterial for treating vertebral bone loss

    Cosmetics

    • Clam shell powder has potential as a new biomaterial with high calcium, phosphate, chitin, and protein content
    • Hydroxyapatite from shells can be used as an additive in sunscreen lotions, substituting oxybenzone, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide

    Wound Healing

    • Chitin film and fiber can be used as a wound-dressing material, exhibiting bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties

    Biocomposites/Biofillers

    • Calcined, powdered mollusc shells can be used as additives for polyesters, endowing antibacterial properties to biocomposites

    Biopackaging

    • Biopolymers deriving from waste shells can be used to manufacture eco-friendly bioplastics for biomedical, industrial, and household applications### Antimicrobial Biopackaging
    • Chitosan, derived from shell waste, is a promising active packaging material developed in the last decade.
    • However, its stability is lower due to its hydrophilic character and pH sensitivity, making it imperative to investigate its bioactivities and develop new separation and enrichment technologies.

    Sustainability Challenges

    • Shell waste biomaterials are only developed as niche applications or tested in laboratory scales, not yet realized in production.
    • To commercialize these biomaterials, it is necessary to consider their overall performance, chemical stability, reusability, economic, and environmental values for maintaining sustainability.

    Construction

    • Shells have been used in houses and walls as path aggregates and mortar mixes.
    • Mollusc shells can be used as cement additives or aggregates to replace conventional aggregates in concrete, reducing production costs.
    • Incorporating mollusc shell ash/powder for cement partial replacement results in reduced early compressive strength, but increases with age due to hydration of calcium oxide.
    • The use of waste shell powder can possibly supplement non-renewable limestone powder in cement-based materials.

    Shell Waste Repurposing

    • Shell waste repurposing and valorization are important for determining strategies to make them a standard valuable resource for various applications.
    • Bivalve aquaculture has the potential to act as a carbon sink, sequestering several million metric tons of CO2 per year globally.
    • However, most aqua-cultured bivalves and crustaceans are traded fresh, and their shells are disposed of as domestic waste, releasing trapped CO2 back to the atmosphere during incineration.
    • To upgrade waste shells, they should be collected in an organized manner, and their quantities estimated, ensuring a stable supply for large-scale applications.

    Environmental Impact

    • The repurposing of waste shells should reduce environmental impact, particularly in terms of energy and water demand.
    • The use of cleaner energy sources could ameliorate the environmental impact of repurposing operations.
    • The reuse and valorization of waste shells must consider collection, cleaning, storage, transport, and utilization costs, as well as economic value and impact.

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    Quiz about the growth of global fisheries and aquaculture production, including the types of seafood produced and waste generated. Learn about the industry's expansion and the impact of shell waste.

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