Global Agricultural Diversity and Practices
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of intensive agricultural practices?

  • Utilizes large tracts of land
  • Common in regions with low population densities
  • Relies primarily on natural resources
  • High input of labor and capital per unit of land (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT an example of intensive agricultural practice?

  • Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
  • Shifting Cultivation (correct)
  • Plantation Agriculture
  • Market Gardening
  • What is a potential consequence of focusing primarily on cash crop production?

  • Increased availability of affordable food for the local population
  • Reduced reliance on imported food
  • Food insecurity for the local population (correct)
  • Increased biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems
  • Which of these climate types is most suited for growing grapes?

    <p>Mediterranean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which farming method is best suited for urban areas with limited space?

    <p>Vertical Farming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between clustered and dispersed settlements?

    <p>Clustered settlements have higher population densities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible socioeconomic implication of extensive agricultural practices?

    <p>Greater economic opportunities in rural areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a technological advancement that has significantly impacted agriculture?

    <p>Vertical Farming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge faced by women in less developed regions regarding their economic participation?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, what is a significant consequence of underreporting women's work in the informal economy, particularly in agriculture?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) relate to women's economic participation?

    <p>Countries with lower GII scores tend to exhibit higher levels of female labor market participation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is formalizing women's work in the informal economy considered crucial for advancing women's rights and improving economic conditions?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key obstacle to women's empowerment and progress in many less developed regions?

    <p>Barriers to political representation and property rights. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agricultural heartlands is known for the origin of the Neolithic Revolution?

    <p>Fertile Crescent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the 'Long Lot Survey' method of land division?

    <p>To ensure equal access to transportation routes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agricultural practice is associated with the risk of soil depletion and increased vulnerability to pests?

    <p>Mono-cropping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between subsistence and commercial agriculture?

    <p>The primary goal of production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

    <p>Decline in global trade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Dr. Norman Borlaug to the Green Revolution?

    <p>Creation of high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the bid rent theory, which type of agriculture is likely to be located furthest from urban areas?

    <p>Livestock ranching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main negative impact of monoculture on agricultural systems?

    <p>Increased risk of soil depletion and pest outbreaks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of commercial agriculture?

    <p>Focus on profit maximization and market demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a commodity chain in agriculture?

    <p>The journey of a coffee bean from a coffee plantation to a consumer's cup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of economies of scale in commercial agriculture?

    <p>Reduced production costs per unit of output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agriculture is most likely to benefit from proximity to urban markets?

    <p>Dairy farming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major environmental challenge associated with the Green Revolution?

    <p>Soil degradation and water contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agricultural hearth is known for its contributions of crops like yams and coffee?

    <p>Sub-Saharan Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of relying heavily on cash crops in developing countries?

    <p>Increased risk of economic instability due to price fluctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary diffusion mechanism for agricultural practices?

    <p>The Internet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these agricultural practices is most directly linked to desertification?

    <p>Overgrazing and unsustainable land management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do government policies influence agricultural practices?

    <p>By providing subsidies that encourage the production of certain crops. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of industrial agriculture's dominance?

    <p>Reduced food prices and increased efficiency at the expense of smaller farms and local ecosystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge associated with the overuse of industrial agriculture?

    <p>Increased reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, potentially harming the environment and human health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of community-supported agriculture (CSA) and urban farming?

    <p>Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and support for local economies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of water scarcity affecting agriculture?

    <p>Reduced food production and potential food insecurity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can the Green Revolution have on biodiversity?

    <p>Reduced biodiversity, with monocultures and reduced genetic diversity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the increasing demand for organic and sustainably sourced foods?

    <p>Shift towards more sustainable agricultural practices and ethical farming methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the Gender Inequality Index (GII) be used to assess the situation of women in agriculture?

    <p>To assess the level of women's empowerment and participation in agriculture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason why the role of women in agriculture is changing in many countries?

    <p>Increased economic development and urbanization are creating new opportunities outside of agriculture, allowing women to access education and work in other sectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the rise of aquaculture?

    <p>Potential environmental harm due to uncontrolled expansion and waste management issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge facing the future of food production, according to the content?

    <p>Balancing increasing food demand with sustainable agricultural practices and environmental protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way consumer preferences are contributing to changes in agricultural practices?

    <p>Consumers are increasingly demanding healthier and more sustainable food options, driving a shift towards organic and ethically sourced products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately reflects the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on Mexican farmers?

    <p>NAFTA negatively impacted some Mexican farmers, leading to increased competition from US and Canadian farmers and a decline in local production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons why agricultural subsidies can have a negative impact on farmers in other countries?

    <p>Subsidies encourage the production of specific crops, potentially leading to oversupply and lower prices, impacting farmers in markets that lack subsidies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do advancements in agricultural technology, such as the use of GMOs, raise ethical concerns?

    <p>The use of GMOs raises concerns about potential long-term health effects and environmental impact, prompting ethical debates about food safety and sustainability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Global Agricultural Diversity

    Different climates support varied crops and practices, like tropical and Mediterranean.

    Intensive Agriculture

    High inputs of labor and capital per unit of land, often located near urban centers.

    Extensive Agriculture

    Low inputs per unit of land, characterized by larger areas and lower labor and capital, often far from cities.

    Fertilizers

    Substances that enhance soil fertility and increase crop yields.

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    Vertical Farming

    Innovative method utilizing vertical space in urban areas for crop production.

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    Cash Crops

    Crops grown primarily for export rather than local food production, impacting food security.

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    Clustered Settlements

    Homes and farms are close together, leading to higher population density and social interaction.

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    Nomadic Herding

    Moving livestock across large areas to find pasture, common in arid regions.

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    Informal Economy

    Economic activities not regulated by the government, often underreported.

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    Gender Inequality Index (GII)

    A measure of gender disparities regarding health, empowerment, and labor participation.

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    Barriers to Women in Workforce

    Obstacles preventing women from accessing industry and service jobs.

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    Political Representation

    The participation of women in political roles and ownership rights.

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    Nutritional Disparities

    Differences in nutrition access, often favoring men over women.

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    Deforestation

    Clearing forests to create agricultural land, harming ecosystems.

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    Desertification

    Spread of deserts due to poor agricultural practices leading to land degradation.

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    Soil Salinization

    Accumulation of salts in soil, reducing its fertility and crop yields.

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    Water Pollution

    Contamination of water sources from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and pesticides.

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    Sustainable Agriculture

    Farming methods that maintain land health and preserve ecosystems.

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    Water Management Challenges

    Issues in managing water resources due to agricultural practices, affecting availability.

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    Biodiversity Concerns

    Loss of plant species diversity due to monocropping in agriculture, affecting ecosystems.

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    Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

    Local farming initiative where consumers support farmers by purchasing shares of crops.

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    Fair Trade

    Trade policy ensuring producers receive fair compensation for sustainable practices.

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    The Green Revolution

    Period of dramatic agricultural advancements leading to increased food production through technology.

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    Aquaculture

    Breeding of aquatic organisms for food, raising sustainability concerns in ecosystems.

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    Impact of Economic Growth on Gender Equality

    Economic advancements often improve women's roles and living standards.

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    Urbanization and Agricultural Production

    Shift in farming practices as populations move to cities, affecting labor needs.

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    Continued Advocacy for Women's Rights

    Ongoing efforts to achieve gender equality in various sectors and empower women.

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    Long Lot Survey

    A survey method with narrow parcels extending from a transportation route to ensure equal access.

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    Meets and Bounds

    A survey method that uses natural landmarks to define property boundaries.

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    Bid Rent Theory

    The idea that land prices decrease with distance from urban areas, influencing agricultural locations.

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    Fertile Crescent

    An area known as the birthplace of the Neolithic Revolution and early agriculture.

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    Columbian Exchange

    The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th-16th centuries.

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    Second Agricultural Revolution

    A period marked by technological advancements in farming, leading to increased food production.

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    Green Revolution

    An increase in food production due to high-yield seeds and chemical use, but with environmental trade-offs.

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    Subsistence Agriculture

    Farming to provide enough food for the farmer's family, focusing on sustainability.

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    Commercial Agriculture

    Farming aimed at profit maximization, often with larger farms and advanced technologies.

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    Intensive Farming

    A method using small land areas to produce high yields through significant labor and capital investment.

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    Extensive Farming

    A method requiring large land areas with lower yield and less input.

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    Von Thünen's Model

    A model depicting agricultural land use in concentric rings around a central market based on perishability.

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    Commodity Chains

    The series of steps involved in moving agricultural products from production to consumers.

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    Mono Cropping

    The agricultural practice of planting the same crop repeatedly in the same area.

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    Conflict Impact on Agriculture

    The way conflicts disrupt agricultural production and exports, affecting global food supply.

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    Study Notes

    Global Agricultural Diversity

    • Tropical climates support crops like coffee, sugar, and pineapples.
    • Mediterranean climates are suitable for grapes and olives.

    Technological Advancements in Agriculture

    • Fertilizers increase crop yields.
    • Genetic modification enhances crop characteristics, such as disease resistance.
    • Vertical farming optimizes space and resource use in urban areas.
    • Community gardens promote local food production and community engagement.

    Intensive vs. Extensive Agricultural Practices

    • Intensive: High inputs (labor, capital) per unit of land, low land use, high labor/capital ratio, near urban centers.
      • Examples: Plantation agriculture (large-scale cash crops), mixed crop and livestock farming, market gardening.
    • Extensive: Low inputs per unit of land, high land use, low labor/capital ratio, far from urban centers.
      • Examples: Shifting cultivation (swidden agriculture), nomadic herding, ranching.

    Socio-Economic Implications of Agricultural Practices

    • Cash crops can lead to food insecurity if prioritized over food crops for local consumption.
    • Food security is impacted by factors like poverty, political instability, and climate change.

    Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods

    • Settlement Patterns:
      • Clustered settlements: Homes/farms close together.
      • Dispersed settlements: Homes/farms spread out.
      • Linear settlements: Homes/farms along transportation routes.
    • Survey Methods:
      • Long lot survey: Narrow parcels extending from a transportation route.
      • Metes and bounds: Uses natural landmarks to define property boundaries.
      • Township and range: A grid system using longitude and latitude.

    Agricultural Hearths and Diffusion

    • Five primary agricultural hearths: Fertile Crescent, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, East Asia, Southeast Asia.
    • Diffusion mechanisms include the Columbian Exchange, Silk Road, trading companies, and migration.

    The Second Agricultural Revolution

    • Technological advancements: Cotton gin, seed drill, steel plow, grain elevators, McCormick Reaper.
    • Enclosure movement: Privatization of communal lands for more efficient farming.
    • Consequences: Increased food production, population boom, urban migration, improved diets, global trade expansion.

    The Green Revolution

    • Key innovations: High-yield seeds, increased use of chemicals, mechanization.
    • Dr. Norman Borlaug: Developed semi-dwarf, disease-resistant wheat varieties.
    • Impact: Increased food production, but also environmental challenges (soil degradation, water contamination, biodiversity loss) and economic disparities.

    Subsistence vs. Commercial Agriculture

    • Subsistence: Aims to produce enough food for the farmer's family/community, prioritizing sustainability.
    • Commercial: Focused on profit maximization, larger farms, advanced machinery, and efficient methods.

    Intensive vs. Extensive Farming

    • Intensive: Small land area, high yields per unit of land, high labor input, high capital investment.
    • Extensive: Large land area, lower yields per unit of land, low labor input, low capital investment.

    Bid Rent Theory

    • Land prices decrease with distance from urban areas, influencing agricultural location decisions.

    Mono Cropping & Monoculture

    • Mono cropping: Planting the same crop repeatedly, risks soil depletion and vulnerability to pests.
    • Monoculture: Focusing on a single crop type, similar risks to mono cropping, but potentially over a wider area.

    Economic Development & Agriculture

    • Developed countries: Primarily use commercial agriculture with advanced technology.
    • Developing countries: Often rely on subsistence farming due to limited resources and technology.

    Market Proximity & Agricultural Location

    • Intensive agriculture: Often located near cities for market access.
    • Extensive agriculture: Located further from cities where land is cheaper.

    The Green Revolution & Its Impacts

    • Positive impacts: Increased food security, lower food prices.
    • Negative impacts: Environmental concerns, social inequalities, decline of family farms.

    Commodity Chains & Economies of Scale

    • Commodity Chains: Interconnected steps from production to consumer.
    • Economies of Scale: Larger farms benefit from reduced costs, challenging smaller farms.

    Von Thünen's Model of Land Use

    • Illustrates agricultural land organization around a market based on profit maximization and transportation costs.

    Global Agriculture & The Impact of Conflict

    • Ukraine's role: Major agricultural producer ("breadbasket of Europe").
    • Conflict impact: Disruption of exports, reduced global food supply, rising fertilizer prices.

    Environmental Consequences of Agricultural Practices

    • Deforestation, desertification, soil salinization, water pollution.
    • Growing movements towards sustainable agriculture and environmental restoration.

    Agricultural Practices and Environmental Health

    • Resource Utilization: Exploitation in developing countries leads to environmental damage.
    • Water Management Challenges: Irrigation depletes water and pollutes systems.
    • Restoration and Conservation Efforts: Positive initiatives such as reforestation protect ecosystems.
    • Shifting Consumer Preferences: Growing demand for sustainable foods drives changes in agricultural practices.

    Other Agricultural Practices Topics

    • Urbanization and Agricultural Production: Economic development leads to reduced farm labor.
    • Government Policies: Influence production decisions and trade dynamics.
    • Water Scarcity: Increased irrigation leads to water pollution and depletion.
    • Biodiversity Concerns: Monocropping reduces plant diversity.
    • Alternative Practices: Community-supported agriculture (CSA), urban farming are gaining popularity.
      • Advancements vs. Ethical Concerns: Advances in technology raise ethical debates, regarding safety and sustainability.
      • Impact of Industrial Agriculture: Consolidation of food production within large companies challenges smaller farms.
    • Subsidies and Global Trade: Government subsidies distort market dynamics, impacting smaller farms globally.
    • Aquaculture: Increased production of fish, raises concerns about sustainability.
    • Women in Agriculture: Women's crucial role in agriculture, and societal challenges and progress.

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    Explore the diverse agricultural practices across different climates, from tropical to Mediterranean. Learn about technological advancements such as genetic modification and vertical farming. Understand the differences between intensive and extensive agriculture and their socio-economic implications.

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