Give Me Liberty Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

When did Indians settle in the New World?

between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago, before the glaciers melted and submerged the land bridge between Asia and North America

North and South American societies build _, _, and ____ systems.

roads, trade networks, and irrigation systems

North American Indians lacked __, _, and __ necessary for long distance navigation.

literacy, wheeled vehicles, metal tools and scientific knowledge

Where is 'Poverty Point' and why is it important?

the community centered on a series of giant semicircular mounds on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, which was built 3,500 years ago. It was believed to be the center for trade along the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. Signup and view all the answers

Where did Hopi and Zuni ancestors settle?

around Arizona and New Mexico Signup and view all the answers

What did Hopi and Zuni's build?

large planned towns with multiple-family dwellings, trading with peoples as far away as Mississippi and central Mexico Signup and view all the answers

Indians in the Pacific Northwest lived primarily by doing what?

fishing and gathering Signup and view all the answers

Indians in the Great Plains lived primarily doing what?

hunting the buffalo or living in agricultural communities Signup and view all the answers

How did Indians living in the eastern part of North America sustain themselves?

a diet of corn, squash, and beans supplemented with fishing and hunting Signup and view all the answers

Indians saw themselves as __________; their sheer diversity when the Europeans arrived was remarkable.

one group among many Signup and view all the answers

Religious ceremonies were often directly related to _________

farming and hunting Signup and view all the answers

Those who were believed to hold special spiritual powers held positions of _________

respect and authority Signup and view all the answers

Indian religion did not pose a sharp distinction between what?

natural and the supernatural Signup and view all the answers

The idea of ________ was foreign to Indians.

owning private property Signup and view all the answers

Indians believed land was a _ not a .

common resource, economic commodity Signup and view all the answers

Wealth mattered _ in Indian societies, and _ was more important.

little, generosity Signup and view all the answers

What could women do?

engage in premarital sex and choose to divorce their husbands Signup and view all the answers

Most Indian societies were _______.

matrilineal Signup and view all the answers

Women had many ______ duties, as well as household duties.

agricultural Signup and view all the answers

What did Europeans feel Indians lacked?

genuine religion Signup and view all the answers

What did Europeans claim Indians did not use?

the land, and thus had no claim to it Signup and view all the answers

How did Europeans view Indian men? Women?

Men as weak and women as mistreated. Signup and view all the answers

Europeans concluded that _____

the notion of freedom was alien to Indian societies Signup and view all the answers

Why were Indians considered barbaric to the Europeans?

because they were 'too' free Signup and view all the answers

To embrace Christ was believed to provide what?

freedom from sin Signup and view all the answers

Under English law, women held __ rights, and were _ to their husband.

very few, submissive Signup and view all the answers

Liberty was often understood as what?

formal privileges enjoyed by only a few 'masterless men' Signup and view all the answers

What made travel along the African coast possible for the Portuguese in the early 15th century?

Caravel, compass and quadrant Signup and view all the answers

Africa was a _ continent and the search for __ drove early explorers.

wealthy, African gold Signup and view all the answers

What did the Portuguese establish along the western coast of Africa?

trading posts, or 'factories' Signup and view all the answers

Portugal began to colonize what to establish sugar plantations worked by slaves?

Atlantic Islands Signup and view all the answers

Slavery was one form of labor in Africa before the Europeans came.

True Signup and view all the answers

What did Europeans trade for African slaves?

textiles and guns Signup and view all the answers

When did Vasco de Gama sail to India?

1498 Signup and view all the answers

When had Portugal established a vast trading empire?

by the time Vasco de Gama sailed to India Signup and view all the answers

Who did Christopher Columbus get financial support from?

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Signup and view all the answers

What also happened in 1492?

the king and queen completed the 'reconquista,' ordering all Muslims and Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave the country. Signup and view all the answers

Columbus landed on ______ in 1492 and colonization began the next year.

Hispaniola Signup and view all the answers

Who established a permanent base in Hispaniola, and when?

Nicholas de Ovando, 1502 Signup and view all the answers

Who sailed along the coast of South America between 1498 and 1502?

Amerigo Vespucci Signup and view all the answers

Why did news begin to travel fast?

Gutenberg's movable type printing press Signup and view all the answers

Who traveled to Newfoundland in 1497, leading to many Europeans exploring the New World?

John Cabot Signup and view all the answers

Who trekked across Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?

Balboa Signup and view all the answers

Who led an expedition to sail around the world?

Magellan Signup and view all the answers

Who led devastating expeditions against Aztec and Inca civilizations in the 1500s?

Cortez and Pizarro Signup and view all the answers

The _______ exchange transferred plants and animals, but also diseases, such as smallpox and influenza.

Columbian Signup and view all the answers

How were native populations significantly depleted?

wars, enslavement and diseases Signup and view all the answers

What played a significant role in the administration of Spanish colonies?

The Catholic Church Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary economy in Spanish America?

Gold and silver mining Signup and view all the answers

Who worked in mines?

Indians Signup and view all the answers

Many Spaniards came to the New World for easier what?

social mobility Signup and view all the answers

inhabitants always outnumbered _ and their descendants in Spanish America.

Indian, European colonists Signup and view all the answers

What are Mestizos?

a person of mixed origin Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish justify their claims to the land that belonged to someone else?

relied on cultural superiority, missionary zeal and violence. Signup and view all the answers

When was the church's long holy war with Islam renewed?

With the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century Signup and view all the answers

The souls to be saved could also be a labor force in what?

the gold and silver mines Signup and view all the answers

What did Bartolome de Las Casas write about?

the injustices of Spanish rule towards the Indians Signup and view all the answers

Who believed that 'the entire human race is one' but favored African slavery?

Bartolome Signup and view all the answers

What did Bartolome's writings encourage?

the 1542 New Laws, which forbade the enslavement of Indians Signup and view all the answers

What was an image put forth by Bartolome that Spain was a uniquely brutal and exploitive colonizer?

Black Legend Signup and view all the answers

Spanish explorers migrated north in search of what?

gold Signup and view all the answers

Which was the first region within the present United States to be colonized by the Spanish?

Florida Signup and view all the answers

Juan de Onate led settlers where?

present-day New Mexico Signup and view all the answers

When was the Pueblo Revolt, and what happened?

1680, and the Pueblo Indians rebelled against the Spanish colonies in present-day New Mexico for forcing the Indians to convert to Christianity. Signup and view all the answers

What were the French trying to find?

gold, and a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Signup and view all the answers

Who founded Quebec in 1608?

Samuel de Champlain Signup and view all the answers

Friendly relations with the Indians were typical with _______.

France Signup and view all the answers

France prided themselves on adopting a more humane policy towards the Indians, but still brought disease and depletion of animals from what?

fur trading Signup and view all the answers

Who sailed into New York harbor and claimed the area for the Netherlands?

Henry Hudson Signup and view all the answers

What did the Dutch pride themselves on?

devotion to liberty; freedom of press and a broad religious toleration Signup and view all the answers

Amsterdam was a refuge for many what?

prosecuted Protestants and Jews Signup and view all the answers

What was a military post, not governed democratically, but the citizens possessed rights?

New Netherlands Signup and view all the answers

The Dutch came to do what?

trade, not conquer, and were determined to treat the Indians more humanely. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Indigenous Societies in the New World

Indians settled in the New World between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago, before the land bridge between Asia and North America was submerged by melting glaciers.
North and South American societies developed advanced infrastructure, including roads, trade networks, and irrigation systems.
The diversity of Indian societies was notable when Europeans arrived, as they viewed themselves as one group among many.

Cultural and Economic Practices

Indians in the Pacific Northwest primarily relied on fishing and gathering for sustenance.
Indians of the Great Plains engaged in hunting buffalo and agricultural practices.
Eastern North American Indians sustained themselves through a diet focused on corn, squash, beans, supplemented by fishing and hunting.
Community structures such as Poverty Point, established 3,500 years ago, were critical trade centers located near the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.

Religious ceremonies often intertwined with farming and hunting practices.
Individuals with special spiritual powers were granted respect and authority in their communities.
Indian religions generally did not separate the natural from the supernatural, reflecting a holistic worldview.

Views on Land and Wealth

The concept of private property was unfamiliar to Indians; they perceived land as a common resource rather than a commodity.
Generosity was valued over wealth in Indian societies, and women held significant roles, including the right to choose divorce.
Most Indian societies followed a matrilineal structure, where inheritance and lineage were traced through women.

European Encounters and Impressions

Europeans perceived Indians as lacking genuine religion and deemed them incapable of using land productively, thus justifying their claims.
There was a belief among Europeans that the idea of freedom was alien to Indian societies, viewing Native men as weak and women as oppressed.
Indians were labeled as barbaric by Europeans due to their perceived excessive freedom.

Portuguese Exploration and Trade

The Portuguese developed maritime technologies such as the caravel, compass, and quadrant, facilitating travel along Africa’s coast.
Their exploration was driven by the pursuit of wealth, particularly African gold, leading to the establishment of trading posts along the western coast of Africa.
Portugal began colonizing Atlantic Islands to establish sugar plantations, which relied on slave labor.

Spanish Exploration and Colonization

Christopher Columbus received backing from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1492, the same year the Reconquista was completed.
Columbus established the first European colony in Hispaniola in 1492, leading to prolonged Spanish colonization efforts in the New World.
Spanish explorers, including Cortez and Pizarro, led expeditions that devastated the Aztec and Inca civilizations.

Impact of the Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange significantly altered ecosystems and populations by transferring plants, animals, and diseases; this led to the depletion of native populations through war, enslavement, and disease.
The Catholic Church played a central role in the administration of Spanish colonies, justifying conquests through missionary efforts.

Bartolomé de Las Casas and the Treatment of Native Peoples

Bartolomé de Las Casas wrote against the injustices inflicted on Indians, encouraging reforms such as the 1542 New Laws which prohibited the enslavement of Native Americans.
Although he championed the cause of the indigenous peoples, he paradoxically supported African slavery.

Colonial Relationships and Policies

The Spanish colonies in the present-day United States began in Florida, while the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 saw Pueblo Indians resist Spanish conversion efforts.
French explorers sought gold and a Northwest Passage, successfully establishing friendly relations with Native Americans, exemplified by Samuel de Champlain founding Quebec in 1608.
The Dutch, under Henry Hudson, claimed areas such as New York harbor, promoting trade and relatively humane treatment of indigenous populations.

Key Takeaways on Colonial Attitudes

The Dutch valued liberty and religious tolerance, making New Amsterdam a refuge for persecuted groups.
The New Netherlands operated as a military post, granting certain rights to its citizens despite lacking democratic governance.

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Description

Explore key concepts from Chapter 1 of 'Give Me Liberty'. This quiz covers the settlement of Indians in the New World and the development of trade networks and irrigation systems in North and South America. Test your knowledge with these flashcards and enhance your understanding of early American societies.