Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following organs were commonly eaten as food?
Which of the following organs were commonly eaten as food?
Which part of the buffalo was primarily used for food storage and cooking?
Which part of the buffalo was primarily used for food storage and cooking?
The tongue was primarily dried or smoked before being consumed.
The tongue was primarily dried or smoked before being consumed.
True
The First Nations people wasted no part of the buffalo.
The First Nations people wasted no part of the buffalo.
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What human uses were derived from hair?
What human uses were derived from hair?
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What was the use of buffalo bones?
What was the use of buffalo bones?
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Blood was often mixed with other ingredients as part of ______.
Blood was often mixed with other ingredients as part of ______.
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What name do the Cree People use to refer to their territory?
What name do the Cree People use to refer to their territory?
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Match the following food items with their uses:
Match the following food items with their uses:
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The buffalo ________ served as a natural fly swatter.
The buffalo ________ served as a natural fly swatter.
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The name 'Cree' originated from the English spelling of their name recorded by the French as 'Kiristinon.'
The name 'Cree' originated from the English spelling of their name recorded by the French as 'Kiristinon.'
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What was the primary material around which the fur trade was built?
What was the primary material around which the fur trade was built?
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What was a major reason the First Nations people respected the buffalo?
What was a major reason the First Nations people respected the buffalo?
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Match the following buffalo parts with their uses:
Match the following buffalo parts with their uses:
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What was one of the main uses of buffalo fat?
What was one of the main uses of buffalo fat?
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The Anishinaabe are known to be culturally related to the __________ people.
The Anishinaabe are known to be culturally related to the __________ people.
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Metis identity is solely based on mixed ancestry, such as Cree and European.
Metis identity is solely based on mixed ancestry, such as Cree and European.
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Match the following Indigenous groups with their associated characteristics:
Match the following Indigenous groups with their associated characteristics:
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What impact did the declining bison herds have on Indigenous peoples?
What impact did the declining bison herds have on Indigenous peoples?
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Buffalo hides were not used for making clothing.
Buffalo hides were not used for making clothing.
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Which event set guidelines for European settlement in North America?
Which event set guidelines for European settlement in North America?
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What was pemmican made from?
What was pemmican made from?
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The Great Plains society is often referred to as Buffalo Culture.
The Great Plains society is often referred to as Buffalo Culture.
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Who founded the Woodland School of Art?
Who founded the Woodland School of Art?
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What was the primary homeland for the Metis Nation?
What was the primary homeland for the Metis Nation?
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The Metis identity is based solely on indigenous ancestry.
The Metis identity is based solely on indigenous ancestry.
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What language did the Metis people primarily speak?
What language did the Metis people primarily speak?
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The __________ Act of 1870 was created in response to Metis concerns.
The __________ Act of 1870 was created in response to Metis concerns.
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Which battle occurred in 1816?
Which battle occurred in 1816?
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Match the following Metis cultural aspects with their descriptions:
Match the following Metis cultural aspects with their descriptions:
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The 1999 Daniels case focused on including Metis and non-status Indians under Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act.
The 1999 Daniels case focused on including Metis and non-status Indians under Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act.
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What was the impact of the 1869 transfer of Rupert's Land to the Canadian government?
What was the impact of the 1869 transfer of Rupert's Land to the Canadian government?
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Study Notes
Great Lakes and Eastern Subarctic Peoples
- Cree: Originated near James Bay and are known as hunters. They refer to themselves as Eeyou and their land as Eeyou Istchee (The People's Land).
- Anishinaabe: A culturally related group of First Peoples, their oral traditions tell of a migration from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes. They are known for their thunderbird crest.
- Anishinaabe Subsistence: Relied on the natural resources of the Great Lakes region, including fishing, gathering, and hunting. They are a very spiritual people, incorporating their understanding of nature into many aspects of their culture.
- Wiigwaasabak: A medicinal plant, used in ceremonies and healing practices.
- Medewiwin: A spiritual society focused on healing, knowledge, and the preservation of traditional teachings.
European Expansion & Impact
- Seven Years’ War: (1756-1763) A conflict between Britain and France that greatly impacted Indigenous communities.
- Pontiac's War: An Indigenous uprising against the British (1763-1765) in response to British expansion and changes to colonial policy.
- Royal Proclamation (1763): Issued by King George III to establish guidelines for European settlement in North America, aimed at protecting Indigenous territories.
- Fur Trade: Heavily reliant on beaver pelts, it impacted Indigenous economies and relationships.
- Norval Morrisseau: Known as "Copper Thunderbird" and "Picasso of the North", he influenced Woodland School of Art and was awarded the Order of Canada in 1978.
The Great Plains
- Niitsitapi (Blackfoot): Primarily travelled with dogs before horses, known for their nomadic lifestyle. Their creation story is central to their culture.
- Okotok: An important site in Blackfoot history, featuring pictographs and important cultural artifacts.
- Plains Archaeology: Evidence suggests buffalo hunting has been practiced for at least 11,000 years. Archaeological research further strengthens what is known through oral traditions.
- Buffalo Culture: The Great Plains societies were heavily influenced by the buffalo, with hunting practices, ceremonies, and social organization intertwined with buffalo migration patterns.
- Buffalo Jumps: Used for hunting for thousands of years. These massive structures allowed for efficient hunting techniques and contributed greatly to the sustainability of the Plains societies. Head-Smashed-In, in Alberta, is a well-known example.
- Tipi Rings: Provide evidence of past settlements, helping to reconstruct early camp layouts and habitation patterns.
- Medicine Wheels: Sacred sites, often found in the Great Plains, built with stones and thought to represent the cosmos and celestial events, serving significant ceremonial and spiritual purposes.
- The Dog Days: A period of decline for many Plains groups, marked by the introduction of horses and guns, followed by declining bison herds and displacement onto reserves.
Rupert’s Land and the Fur Trade
- Ruperts Land: Named after Prince Rupert, the first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, it encompasses a vast territory that included much of what is now Canada.
- Rupert's Land Act of 1868: Established the legal framework for transferring Rupert's Land from HBC to Canada, impacting Indigenous land rights.
The Metis Nation
- Metis: A distinctive group of First Peoples who emerged from intermarriage between Indigenous people and European fur traders. They are not a singular group and include diverse communities.
- Acadian Metis: Descendants of Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people, many of whom were forced to migrate during the expulsion of Acadians. They adapted to their new environment through fishing and developed a distinctive identity.
- French Fur Trade: The intermarriage of French fur traders with indigenous people contributed significantly to the development of Metis culture.
- British Fur Trade: Had a large impact on the Metis identity due to the influence of the Northwest Company.
- Red River Settlement: The Metis Nation homeland, where a unique regional culture emerged. They developed their own way of life with distinct traditions, transportation, food, and clothing.
- Metis Buffalo/Bison Hunt: Metis hunters developed specialized techniques for hunting buffalo, a significant source of sustenance and a key resource for their economy.
- Metis Dress: A blend of Indigenous and European styles, characterized by beadwork, unique clothing, and use of furs.
- Michif: A unique language that combines French and Cree and reflects the Metis Nation's distinct linguistic heritage.
- Metis Social Life: A blend of gathering, celebration, traditional food, and European dance forms.
Metis Nationalism & Resistance
- Red River Settlement: An area under contested land ownership, involving the Metis, HBC, and the Canadian government. This led to conflict.
- Battle of Seven Oaks (1816): A clash between the Metis and the North West Company that led to the death of Metis leader Louis Riel’s father and significantly impacted Metis relations with European fur traders.
- Battle of Grand Coteau du Missouri (1851): A conflict between the Metis and an American fur trading company, showcasing Metis resistance to external forces.
- Red River Resistance (1869-1870 ): An uprising led by Louis Riel to protect Metis land rights and secure their political autonomy in the wake of Canadian expansion.
- Manitoba Act (1870): A Canadian Act created in response to the Metis grievances. It established the province of Manitoba and offered some concessions, but it also set the stage for ongoing conflict.
- Northwest Resistance (1885 ): Led by Louis Riel and Poundmaker, it was an uprising against the Canadian government prompted by grievances over land displacement and broken promises.
- Contemporary Issues: Metis rights and the ongoing quest for recognition and self-determination.
Metis & Constitutional Rights
- Daniels Case (1999): A court case launched to seek recognition and federal jurisdictional responsibility for Métis and non-status Indians under Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act. The case aims to clarify Metis rights and secure federal government recognition.
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Description
Explore the rich cultural heritage and history of the Great Lakes and Eastern Subarctic peoples, including the Cree and Anishinaabe. Learn about their subsistence practices, spiritual beliefs, and the impact of European expansion, including the Seven Years’ War. This quiz will deepen your understanding of these vibrant Indigenous communities.
