Geology Quiz on Rocks and Plate Tectonics
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of igneous rocks?

Extrusive igneous rocks (volcanites) and intrusive igneous rocks (plutonites)

What are the four most abundant elements found in igneous rocks?

  • Oxygen, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum (correct)
  • Gold, Silver, Platinum, Copper
  • Hydrogen, Helium, Carbon, Nitrogen
  • Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium

    • Partial melting occurs when all parts of a rock melt at the same time.

    False

    What are metamorphic rocks a result of?

    <p>High pressure and temperature conditions, often deep within the Earth's crust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is happening at a divergent plate boundary like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

    <p>Seafloor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continues to produce new crust, the Atlantic Ocean will eventually shrink.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary evidence for seafloor spreading?

    <p>The age progression of rocks on the seafloor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process causes the formation of deep trenches?

    <p>Subduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The age progression of rocks from younger at the ridges to older as you move outward is evidence of plate tectonics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could happen if scientists found ocean basins with no age progression?

    <p>Both A and B are possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main tectonic processes that shape ocean basins?

    <p>Seafloor spreading and subduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault is the Lubang Fault Line?

    <p>Strike-slip fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sedimentary rock layers typically form over short periods of time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between relative dating and absolute dating?

    <p>Relative dating places rock layers in a chronological sequence, while absolute dating provides a precise numerical age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships?

    <p>Any geological feature that cuts across another rock or geological structure must be younger than the feature it cuts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the criteria for a fossil to be considered an index fossil?

    <p>Wide geographic distribution, short geological time range, abundance, distinctive features, preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main divisions of geologic time, from largest to smallest?

    <p>Eons, Eras, Periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Holocene Epoch is the most recent division of the Quaternary Period.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the time period that includes both the Pleistocene Epoch and the Holocene Epoch?

    <p>Quaternary Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks form from magma that reaches Earth's surface and cools quickly?

    <p>Volcanites or extrusive igneous rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intrusive igneous rocks also known as?

    <p>Plutonites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is the most abundant in Earth's crust and is a major component of igneous rocks?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when only a portion of a rock melts, leaving other parts solid?

    <p>Partial melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rocks are formed under high pressure and temperature conditions often deep within the Earth's crust?

    <p>Metamorphic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the divergent boundary where tectonic plates are moving apart, causing new oceanic crust to be formed?

    <p>Mid-Atlantic Ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Mid-Atlantic Ridge stopped producing new crust, the Atlantic Ocean would continue to expand.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that proposes new oceanic crust is continuously formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward on either side called?

    <p>Seafloor spreading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to older oceanic crust when it encounters continental crust or another oceanic plate?

    <p>It is forced downward into the mantle at subduction zones, forming deep trenches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The age progression of rocks from younger at the ridges to older as you move outward is a characteristic of seafloor spreading.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could indicate that the process of seafloor spreading has become inactive in a region?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the diverse and complex structures formed by tectonic processes such as seafloor spreading and subduction?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fault is the Lubang Fault Line, located near the Calatagan Peninsula and running across Balayan and Batangas Bays, classified as?

    <p>Strike-slip fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geological process that results in the formation of sedimentary rock layers?

    <p>The accumulation and compaction of sediments like sand, silt, and organic material over long periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volcanic ash layers represent an interruption in the process of sedimentary layer accumulation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing rock layers with fossils, what are the two types of dating used to determine the age of the layer?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of relative dating?

    <p>To place rock layers and their fossils in a chronological sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of absolute dating?

    <p>To measure the decay of radioactive isotopes in the rock or surrounding material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships is particularly useful for analyzing faults, igneous intrusions, and other geological disruptions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an index fossil?

    <p>A fossil used to help identify and correlate the age of rock layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest division of geological time?

    <p>Eons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most recent division of the Quaternary Period that we are currently in?

    <p>Holocene Epoch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Quaternary Time Period includes both the Pleistocene Epoch and the Holocene Epoch.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the system used by geologists to organize Earth's history into different time intervals?

    <p>Geologic Time Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Igneous Rocks

    • Formed when magma cools rapidly on Earth's surface (extrusive/volcanic) or slowly beneath (intrusive/plutonic)
    • Extrusive rocks have smaller crystals, while intrusive rocks have larger crystals
    • Common elements include Oxygen, Silicon, Iron, and Aluminum
    • Volcanic rocks (like basalt) are primarily composed of silicate minerals

    Partial Melting

    • Only part of a rock melts at different temperatures
    • Certain minerals melt while others remain solid
    • Crucial in magma formation
    • Similar to how chocolate and nuts melt at different temperatures.

    Metamorphic Rocks

    • Formed under high pressure and temperature deep within the Earth's crust
    • Minerals recrystallize, forming larger, interlocking crystals
    • Contrast with smaller, more evenly distributed crystals in igneous rocks

    Plate Tectonics and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

    • Divergent boundary where tectonic plates move apart
    • New oceanic crust is continuously formed at mid-ocean ridges
    • This process causes the Atlantic Ocean to gradually widen
    • If the spreading stops, other forces (e.g., subduction, plate movement) will eventually cause an ocean to shrink

    Seafloor Spreading

    • New oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards
    • Older crust moves away from the ridge
    • The age of rocks on the seafloor increases as you move further from mid-ocean ridges
    • This supports the theory of moving plates

    Seafloor Spreading Evidence

    • The youngest rocks are found at the mid-ocean ridges, while older rocks are found further away
    • Consistent progression of rock ages away from the ridge demonstrates seafloor movement

    Types of Faults

    • Strike-slip faults: Rocks move horizontally past each other (e.g., Lubang Fault Line)

    Sedimentary Rocks

    • Compaction and cementation of sediments (sand, silt, organic material) over time
    • Layers build up to form sedimentary rocks
    • Volcanic ash layers can interrupt sedimentary deposition.

    Relative Dating

    • Arranging rock layers in a chronological sequence based on their positions
    • Index fossils help date rock layers in different locations
    • Fossils help correlate rock layers within a known time frame

    Absolute Dating

    • Determining the exact age of rocks by measuring radioactive decay
    • Useful when fossils alone cannot define the time range

    Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

    • Geological features that cut across other rock layers are younger than the layers they cut through

    Index Fossils

    • Fossils that lived for a short period, widespread, and easily identified
    • Used to correlate the age of rock layers across large distances

    Geologic Time Scale

    • Organizing Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, epochs
    • Eons are the largest divisions
    • Eras and periods represent significant stages in Earth's history
    • The Holocene Epoch is the present epoch.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on igneous and metamorphic rocks, their formation processes, and the role of plate tectonics, particularly at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Understand the differences between intrusive and extrusive rocks, as well as the significance of partial melting in geology.

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