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Questions and Answers
Weathering and ______ produces solid debris (sand and clay) which will form clastic sediment and dissolved ions from which chemical sediment can form
Weathering and ______ produces solid debris (sand and clay) which will form clastic sediment and dissolved ions from which chemical sediment can form
erosion
______ = regolith that has been transported
______ = regolith that has been transported
Sediment
Streams move it downslope until the ______ flow out onto flatter plains
Streams move it downslope until the ______ flow out onto flatter plains
rivers
Decrease in slope = less ______ = some of the sediment will be deposited in the channel-floodplain system, or will continue to a lake or the sea
Decrease in slope = less ______ = some of the sediment will be deposited in the channel-floodplain system, or will continue to a lake or the sea
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It will accumulate in these areas as flat ______ of sediment
It will accumulate in these areas as flat ______ of sediment
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The ______ is caused by changes in the flow velocity causing changes in the grain size of the sediment being deposited
The ______ is caused by changes in the flow velocity causing changes in the grain size of the sediment being deposited
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At lower velocities ______ grained material is deposited.
At lower velocities ______ grained material is deposited.
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The layering is called ______ or stratification
The layering is called ______ or stratification
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Layers of sediment deposited inclined to the horizontal are known as ______.
Layers of sediment deposited inclined to the horizontal are known as ______.
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Mud cracks formed on a modern river bed exhibit features that are ______ in ancient shale.
Mud cracks formed on a modern river bed exhibit features that are ______ in ancient shale.
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Delicate raindrop imprints found in sediment often date back to about a billion years and are formed on a ______.
Delicate raindrop imprints found in sediment often date back to about a billion years and are formed on a ______.
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The avalanching of sand down the back of wind-blown sand dunes causes ______ cross-bedding.
The avalanching of sand down the back of wind-blown sand dunes causes ______ cross-bedding.
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Fossilized footprints preserved in sandstone provide clues about ancient ______.
Fossilized footprints preserved in sandstone provide clues about ancient ______.
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This action slowly wears the edges and corners of the grain down, making it more ______ and rounded the further it travels.
This action slowly wears the edges and corners of the grain down, making it more ______ and rounded the further it travels.
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Sediments which are not clastic can be divided into: 1) biochemical and 2) ______.
Sediments which are not clastic can be divided into: 1) biochemical and 2) ______.
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Waves on beaches are better than streams at sorting ______.
Waves on beaches are better than streams at sorting ______.
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Glaciers cannot sort sediment like streams can, resulting in deposits that are always ______.
Glaciers cannot sort sediment like streams can, resulting in deposits that are always ______.
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Biogenic sediment is composed primarily of plant and animal ______.
Biogenic sediment is composed primarily of plant and animal ______.
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock that consists primarily of the mineral ______.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock that consists primarily of the mineral ______.
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Coal is formed from the lithification of plant-rich ______.
Coal is formed from the lithification of plant-rich ______.
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Biochemical sediments are primarily produced by ______.
Biochemical sediments are primarily produced by ______.
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Reefs are good examples of these ______, often forming important ecological structures.
Reefs are good examples of these ______, often forming important ecological structures.
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Carbonate shell debris dominates in areas with little supply of ______ sediment.
Carbonate shell debris dominates in areas with little supply of ______ sediment.
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Diatoms are a group of algae that have an outer casing made of ______ silica.
Diatoms are a group of algae that have an outer casing made of ______ silica.
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Coal is a biochemical sedimentary rock composed of the altered remains of ______ plants.
Coal is a biochemical sedimentary rock composed of the altered remains of ______ plants.
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Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by the evaporation of ______ water.
Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed by the evaporation of ______ water.
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A type of chemical sedimentary rock rich in iron minerals is called ______ iron formation.
A type of chemical sedimentary rock rich in iron minerals is called ______ iron formation.
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Lithification involves processes such as compaction and ______.
Lithification involves processes such as compaction and ______.
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Mudstone is a very fine-grained sedimentary rock similar in composition to ______.
Mudstone is a very fine-grained sedimentary rock similar in composition to ______.
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The layered arrangement of strata in sediment is referred to as ______.
The layered arrangement of strata in sediment is referred to as ______.
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In sedimentary rock formation, ______ is the process that transforms loose sediment into rock.
In sedimentary rock formation, ______ is the process that transforms loose sediment into rock.
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______ is one of the processes that must occur for lithification, in addition to compaction and cementation.
______ is one of the processes that must occur for lithification, in addition to compaction and cementation.
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Sediments can undergo ______ to form sedimentary rock, binding individual particles together.
Sediments can undergo ______ to form sedimentary rock, binding individual particles together.
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Study Notes
Chapter 8: From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock
- Sedimentary rocks form from weathered and eroded materials.
- Weathering and erosion break down existing rocks.
- This produces solid debris like sand and clay and dissolved ions.
- These form clastic sediment and chemical sediment.
- Sediment is transported downslope by streams until reaching flatter areas.
- Sediment accumulates in these areas as flat layers.
- Layering is called bedding or stratification.
- A layer is called a bed or a stratum.
- Layers that show abrupt changes in velocity have sharp contacts.
- Varves are an example with gradual changes in the grain size of sediment from coarser summer silts to finer winter clays.
- Clastic sedimentary rocks form from fragments of other rocks.
- Particle size (coarse, medium, fine) determines names like conglomerate, sandstone, and shale.
- Roundness (angular, intermediate, rounded) results from the grain's travel distance and collisions.
- Sorting (poorly, moderately, or well sorted) refers to the uniformity of grain sizes.
- Waves on beaches are effective at sorting sand by removing finer material.
- Glaciers typically have poorly sorted deposits.
- Mineral hardness also impacts the roundness of grains.
- Biochemical sedimentary rocks come from plant and animal remains.
- Limestone is mostly made of the mineral calcite and is the most common.
- Coal forms from the lithification of plant matter.
- Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved minerals precipitate from water.
- Shallow sea water evaporation causes dissolved salts to precipitate.
- Important examples include limestone, gypsum, halite, and chert.
- Sedimentary rocks record environments like streams, beaches, and glacial deposits.
- Cross-bedding/cross-stratification indicates layers inclined to the horizontal, often formed by ripples, dunes, or avalanches of sand.
- Sedimentary rocks preserve features like footprints, raindrops, and mud cracks, providing evidence of past environments.
- Sedimentary facies show variations in rocks that reflect different environments (like stream, beach, etc.).
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Description
This quiz explores the formation and characteristics of sedimentary rocks, including processes like weathering, erosion, and sediment transport. You'll learn about types of sediment, bedding, and the significance of particle size and roundness. Test your understanding of how these rocks are classified based on their origin and structure.
