Earth Science Final

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What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

weathering is the creation of loose particles and erosion is the removal of these pieces from the landscape (correct)

weathering is the removal of material from the landscape, whereas erosion is the creation of loose particles

erosion is the breakdown of existing rocks and weathering is the creation of new rocks

erosion and weathering are the same thing

Which of the following types of weathering can occur without water?

hydrolysis

frost wedging

dissolution reactions

exfoliation (correct)

Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis reaction?

minerals reacting with slightly acidic water to form new minerals and dissolved ions (correct)

the conversion of Fe+2 to Fe+3

the dissolving of the minerals

the breaking of larger pieces of rock into smaller pieces of rock

Which of the following are arranged from finest to coarsest-grained clastic sedimentary rock?

mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following sedimentary environments would you expect the sand deposits to be poorly sorted?

alluvial fan Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid?

hot and humid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may reveal the direction of a stream current?

asymmetrical ripple Signup and view all the answers

The two important criteria used for igneous rock classification are _____

mineral composition and texture Signup and view all the answers

An igneous rock with minerals that can be seen with the unaided eye exhibits:

phaneritic texture Signup and view all the answers

If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the remaining magma that results is expected to be:

more felsic than the magma Signup and view all the answers

Hawaiian volcanic eruptions are not too dangerous because:

the silica content of the magma is low Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a granite?

a light-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock rich in silica Signup and view all the answers

Important volatiles in magmas include ____

water and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties increases in the direction of the arrows in the sentence above?

melting temperature Signup and view all the answers

An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock through the processes of:

recrystallization and reaction Signup and view all the answers

A _____ is the original, unmetamorphosed rock which is a given metamorphic rock is formed

Protolith Signup and view all the answers

The main processes that control the formation of metamorphic rocks are?

Solid-state reaction and recrystallization Signup and view all the answers

The primary difference between phyllite and schist is____

Mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite Signup and view all the answers

The primary difference between lithostatic pressure and directed stress is:

Lithostatic pressure pushes in on rocks equally from all sides, whereas directed stress is greater in one or more directions Signup and view all the answers

Which series shows the progression of a metamorphic rock from original deposition of a mudstone protolith to the highest grade of metamorphism?

mud - shale - slate - phyllite - schist -gneiss Signup and view all the answers

An index mineral is defined as _____

a mineral whose appearance in a rock indicates a specific set of metamorphic conditions Signup and view all the answers

A metamorphic facies is best defined as a group of rocks that:

were metamorphosed under similar pressure and temperature conditions Signup and view all the answers

The blueschist facies form under which of the following conditions?

high pressure but relatively low temperature Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of exposed rocks into small fragments is termed _______

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A felsic intrusive rock common in the continental crust is __, and its extrusive equivalent is _. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of __, which crystallizes at depth in the earth, and is compositionally equivalent to _ at the surface

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________ is the primary control on the texture (grain size) of igneous rocks

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During the crystallization process, the first minerals to crystallize are the most: mafic or felsic?

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Name three of the four principal factors controlling metamorphism ____, _, and _____

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___________ is a pervasive planar fabric within a rock that is formed by directed stress during deformation and metamorphism

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List 4 types of metamorphism:

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__________ is the protolith for quartzite

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________ is a non-foliated metamorphic rock whose protolith is comprised of altered limestone

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the primary basis on which a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a theory is:

the repeated confirmation of the hypothesis by observation and experimentation Signup and view all the answers

The principle of ______ states the present is the key to the past

uniformitarianism Signup and view all the answers

An unconformity is an _______

erosional surface Signup and view all the answers

The geologic time scale is broken up into several sub-divisions from Eons Eras Period Epochs based on empirically derived observations of cross-cutting relationships, faunal successions and new advances in radiometric dating. To which eon do the oldest dated minerals on the Earth belong?

Hadean Signup and view all the answers

Two atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____ of that element

isotopes Signup and view all the answers

The figure at right shows the decay curve of a parent radioactive isotope. What is the half-life of this isotope?

8 million years Signup and view all the answers

According to the Big Bang Theory, our universe is ______

expanding Signup and view all the answers

If a star is being observed from Earth and its light has shifted towards the blue end of the electromagnetic spectrum, it would be:

moving toward the Earth Signup and view all the answers

The production of new elements in stars via nuclear reaction is called _____

nucleosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Aside from Earth, the terrestrial planets are _________

Mars, Mercury, and Venus Signup and view all the answers

The formation of the moon is thought to have occurred by:

simultaneously accretion of material during the initial formation of Earth Signup and view all the answers

From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. Note that 1 starts at the surface of the Earth and 6 ends at the center of the Earth

crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core Signup and view all the answers

The shape of the Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a ________

dipole, such as that produced by a bar magnet Signup and view all the answers

The layers that make up the Earth's tectonic plates:

the crust and upper mantle Signup and view all the answers

As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is ________

cooler and less able to flow Signup and view all the answers

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is _____________

thicker Signup and view all the answers

the boundary between the crust and mantle is marked by a seismic discontinuity called _______

The Moho Signup and view all the answers

the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust and mantle are:

silicon and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

the strength of chemical bonds affects the hardness of minerals: the stronger the bonding, the harder the material. which of the following bond types produces the hardest minerals?

covalent Signup and view all the answers

which source of energy is MOST likely responsible for plate tectonic movements?

internal energy Signup and view all the answers

how do magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor serve as evidence for seafloor spreading?

their symmetry on either side of mid-ocean ridges shows that new crust is created and then split apart Signup and view all the answers

Regions of the seafloor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed during times when the Earth's magnetic field ______

had reversed polarity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the global distribution of earthquakes?

they occur in distinct zones Signup and view all the answers

Deep-ocean trenches are found predominantly along the perimeter of the ____

Pacific Ocean Signup and view all the answers

in a hotspot volcanic island chain, which of the following is true?

the ages of and distance between volcanoes can be used to calculate plate velocities Signup and view all the answers

Transform boundaries are identified by which of the following?

shallow earthquakes, no volcanoes, and a large strike-slip fault Signup and view all the answers

the age of the universe is approximately ____ years old, whereas the age of the Earth is _ years old

Signup and view all the answers

the Earth contains a number of interacting systems, of which the three main systems of are the _ system, the _ system, and the ___ system

Signup and view all the answers

the elements that make up a star's composition throughout the majority of its life are _ and . however, massive stars continue to fuse elements in their coarse all the way up to ___ just prior to their death when their increasing mass cause the star to collapse

Signup and view all the answers

the _____________ hypothesis is thought to accurately describe the formation of our solar system

Signup and view all the answers

the ___ and _ are layers of the earth that are dominated by convection, whereas the and the ____ are dominated by conduction

Signup and view all the answers

the innermost layer of the Earth consists of what metallic alloy?

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plate tectonics describe the motion of a mechanically strong layer known as the that moves on top of the weak, connecting portion of the upper , known as the ___

Signup and view all the answers

the ________ is the name for the most abundant group of minerals, often called the "rock forming minerals"

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at what type of plate boundary do subduction zones occur ?

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give an example of a mountain range that formed by a continent-continent collision

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the most recent supercontinent, which began to break up about 250 million years ago, is called ________

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Earth Science Final

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

Which of the following types of weathering can occur without water?

Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis reaction?

Which of the following are arranged from finest to coarsest-grained clastic sedimentary rock?

In which of the following sedimentary environments would you expect the sand deposits to be poorly sorted?

In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid?

Which of the following may reveal the direction of a stream current?

The two important criteria used for igneous rock classification are _____

An igneous rock with minerals that can be seen with the unaided eye exhibits:

If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the remaining magma that results is expected to be:

Hawaiian volcanic eruptions are not too dangerous because:

Which of the following best describes a granite?

Important volatiles in magmas include ____

Which of the following properties increases in the direction of the arrows in the sentence above?

An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock through the processes of:

A _____ is the original, unmetamorphosed rock which is a given metamorphic rock is formed

The main processes that control the formation of metamorphic rocks are?

The primary difference between phyllite and schist is____

The primary difference between lithostatic pressure and directed stress is:

Which series shows the progression of a metamorphic rock from original deposition of a mudstone protolith to the highest grade of metamorphism?

An index mineral is defined as _____

A metamorphic facies is best defined as a group of rocks that:

The blueschist facies form under which of the following conditions?

The breakdown of exposed rocks into small fragments is termed _______

A felsic intrusive rock common in the continental crust is ____, and its extrusive equivalent is _____. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of ________, which crystallizes at depth in the earth, and is compositionally equivalent to _____ at the surface

________ is the primary control on the texture (grain size) of igneous rocks

During the crystallization process, the first minerals to crystallize are the most: mafic or felsic?

Name three of the four principal factors controlling metamorphism ______, _____, and _______

___________ is a pervasive planar fabric within a rock that is formed by directed stress during deformation and metamorphism

List 4 types of metamorphism:

__________ is the protolith for quartzite

________ is a non-foliated metamorphic rock whose protolith is comprised of altered limestone

the primary basis on which a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a theory is:

The principle of ______ states the present is the key to the past

An unconformity is an _______

The geologic time scale is broken up into several sub-divisions from Eons Eras Period Epochs based on empirically derived observations of cross-cutting relationships, faunal successions and new advances in radiometric dating. To which eon do the oldest dated minerals on the Earth belong?

Two atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____ of that element

The figure at right shows the decay curve of a parent radioactive isotope. What is the half-life of this isotope?

According to the Big Bang Theory, our universe is ______

If a star is being observed from Earth and its light has shifted towards the blue end of the electromagnetic spectrum, it would be:

The production of new elements in stars via nuclear reaction is called _____

Aside from Earth, the terrestrial planets are _________

The formation of the moon is thought to have occurred by:

From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. Note that 1 starts at the surface of the Earth and 6 ends at the center of the Earth

The shape of the Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a ________

The layers that make up the Earth's tectonic plates:

As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is ________

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is _____________

the boundary between the crust and mantle is marked by a seismic discontinuity called _______

the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust and mantle are:

the strength of chemical bonds affects the hardness of minerals: the stronger the bonding, the harder the material. which of the following bond types produces the hardest minerals?

which source of energy is MOST likely responsible for plate tectonic movements?

how do magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor serve as evidence for seafloor spreading?

Regions of the seafloor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed during times when the Earth's magnetic field ______

Which of the following best describes the global distribution of earthquakes?

Deep-ocean trenches are found predominantly along the perimeter of the ____

in a hotspot volcanic island chain, which of the following is true?

Transform boundaries are identified by which of the following?

the age of the universe is approximately ________ years old, whereas the age of the Earth is _____ years old

the Earth contains a number of interacting systems, of which the three main systems of are the _____ system, the _________ system, and the _______ system

the elements that make up a star's composition throughout the majority of its life are _____ and ______. however, massive stars continue to fuse elements in their coarse all the way up to _____ just prior to their death when their increasing mass cause the star to collapse

the _____________ hypothesis is thought to accurately describe the formation of our solar system

the _________ and ___________ are layers of the earth that are dominated by convection, whereas the __________ and the __________ are dominated by conduction

the innermost layer of the Earth consists of what metallic alloy?

plate tectonics describe the motion of a mechanically strong layer known as the ______ that moves on top of the weak, connecting portion of the upper ______, known as the _______

the ________ is the name for the most abundant group of minerals, often called the "rock forming minerals"

at what type of plate boundary do subduction zones occur ?

give an example of a mountain range that formed by a continent-continent collision

the most recent supercontinent, which began to break up about 250 million years ago, is called ________

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A felsic intrusive rock common in the continental crust is __, and its extrusive equivalent is _. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of __, which crystallizes at depth in the earth, and is compositionally equivalent to _ at the surface

Name three of the four principal factors controlling metamorphism ____, _, and _____

the age of the universe is approximately ____ years old, whereas the age of the Earth is _ years old

the Earth contains a number of interacting systems, of which the three main systems of are the _ system, the _ system, and the ___ system

the elements that make up a star's composition throughout the majority of its life are _ and . however, massive stars continue to fuse elements in their coarse all the way up to ___ just prior to their death when their increasing mass cause the star to collapse

the ___ and _ are layers of the earth that are dominated by convection, whereas the and the ____ are dominated by conduction

plate tectonics describe the motion of a mechanically strong layer known as the that moves on top of the weak, connecting portion of the upper , known as the ___