69 Questions
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
weathering is the creation of loose particles and erosion is the removal of these pieces from the landscape
Which of the following types of weathering can occur without water?
exfoliation
Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis reaction?
minerals reacting with slightly acidic water to form new minerals and dissolved ions
Which of the following are arranged from finest to coarsest-grained clastic sedimentary rock?
mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate
In which of the following sedimentary environments would you expect the sand deposits to be poorly sorted?
alluvial fan
In which of the following climates will chemical weathering be most rapid?
hot and humid
Which of the following may reveal the direction of a stream current?
asymmetrical ripple
The two important criteria used for igneous rock classification are _____
mineral composition and texture
An igneous rock with minerals that can be seen with the unaided eye exhibits:
phaneritic texture
If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization, the remaining magma that results is expected to be:
more felsic than the magma
Hawaiian volcanic eruptions are not too dangerous because:
the silica content of the magma is low
Which of the following best describes a granite?
a light-colored, coarse-grained igneous rock rich in silica
Important volatiles in magmas include ____
water and carbon dioxide
Which of the following properties increases in the direction of the arrows in the sentence above?
melting temperature
An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock through the processes of:
recrystallization and reaction
A _____ is the original, unmetamorphosed rock which is a given metamorphic rock is formed
Protolith
The main processes that control the formation of metamorphic rocks are?
Solid-state reaction and recrystallization
The primary difference between phyllite and schist is____
Mica crystals within schist are larger than those within phyllite
The primary difference between lithostatic pressure and directed stress is:
Lithostatic pressure pushes in on rocks equally from all sides, whereas directed stress is greater in one or more directions
Which series shows the progression of a metamorphic rock from original deposition of a mudstone protolith to the highest grade of metamorphism?
mud - shale - slate - phyllite - schist -gneiss
An index mineral is defined as _____
a mineral whose appearance in a rock indicates a specific set of metamorphic conditions
A metamorphic facies is best defined as a group of rocks that:
were metamorphosed under similar pressure and temperature conditions
The blueschist facies form under which of the following conditions?
high pressure but relatively low temperature
The breakdown of exposed rocks into small fragments is termed _______
A felsic intrusive rock common in the continental crust is ____, and its extrusive equivalent is _____. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of ________, which crystallizes at depth in the earth, and is compositionally equivalent to _____ at the surface
________ is the primary control on the texture (grain size) of igneous rocks
During the crystallization process, the first minerals to crystallize are the most: mafic or felsic?
Name three of the four principal factors controlling metamorphism ______, _____, and _______
___________ is a pervasive planar fabric within a rock that is formed by directed stress during deformation and metamorphism
List 4 types of metamorphism:
__________ is the protolith for quartzite
________ is a non-foliated metamorphic rock whose protolith is comprised of altered limestone
the primary basis on which a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a theory is:
the repeated confirmation of the hypothesis by observation and experimentation
The principle of ______ states the present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
An unconformity is an _______
erosional surface
The geologic time scale is broken up into several sub-divisions from Eons Eras Period Epochs based on empirically derived observations of cross-cutting relationships, faunal successions and new advances in radiometric dating. To which eon do the oldest dated minerals on the Earth belong?
Hadean
Two atoms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____ of that element
isotopes
The figure at right shows the decay curve of a parent radioactive isotope. What is the half-life of this isotope?
8 million years
According to the Big Bang Theory, our universe is ______
expanding
If a star is being observed from Earth and its light has shifted towards the blue end of the electromagnetic spectrum, it would be:
moving toward the Earth
The production of new elements in stars via nuclear reaction is called _____
nucleosynthesis
Aside from Earth, the terrestrial planets are _________
Mars, Mercury, and Venus
The formation of the moon is thought to have occurred by:
simultaneously accretion of material during the initial formation of Earth
From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. Note that 1 starts at the surface of the Earth and 6 ends at the center of the Earth
crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core
The shape of the Earth's magnetic field is approximately that of a ________
dipole, such as that produced by a bar magnet
The layers that make up the Earth's tectonic plates:
the crust and upper mantle
As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is ________
cooler and less able to flow
Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is _____________
thicker
the boundary between the crust and mantle is marked by a seismic discontinuity called _______
The Moho
the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust and mantle are:
silicon and oxygen
the strength of chemical bonds affects the hardness of minerals: the stronger the bonding, the harder the material. which of the following bond types produces the hardest minerals?
covalent
which source of energy is MOST likely responsible for plate tectonic movements?
internal energy
how do magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor serve as evidence for seafloor spreading?
their symmetry on either side of mid-ocean ridges shows that new crust is created and then split apart
Regions of the seafloor with negative magnetic anomalies were formed during times when the Earth's magnetic field ______
had reversed polarity
Which of the following best describes the global distribution of earthquakes?
they occur in distinct zones
Deep-ocean trenches are found predominantly along the perimeter of the ____
Pacific Ocean
in a hotspot volcanic island chain, which of the following is true?
the ages of and distance between volcanoes can be used to calculate plate velocities
Transform boundaries are identified by which of the following?
shallow earthquakes, no volcanoes, and a large strike-slip fault
the age of the universe is approximately ________ years old, whereas the age of the Earth is _____ years old
the Earth contains a number of interacting systems, of which the three main systems of are the _____ system, the _________ system, and the _______ system
the elements that make up a star's composition throughout the majority of its life are _____ and ______. however, massive stars continue to fuse elements in their coarse all the way up to _____ just prior to their death when their increasing mass cause the star to collapse
the _____________ hypothesis is thought to accurately describe the formation of our solar system
the _________ and ___________ are layers of the earth that are dominated by convection, whereas the __________ and the __________ are dominated by conduction
the innermost layer of the Earth consists of what metallic alloy?
plate tectonics describe the motion of a mechanically strong layer known as the ______ that moves on top of the weak, connecting portion of the upper ______, known as the _______
the ________ is the name for the most abundant group of minerals, often called the "rock forming minerals"
at what type of plate boundary do subduction zones occur ?
give an example of a mountain range that formed by a continent-continent collision
the most recent supercontinent, which began to break up about 250 million years ago, is called ________
Test your knowledge on weathering, erosion, and sedimentary rocks with this quiz. Find out about different types of weathering, hydrolysis reactions, sedimentary rock classifications, sedimentary environments, and climates affecting chemical weathering.
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