Geography: Absolute vs Relative Location

Chapter 1

• Absolute location uses coordinates to specify a location.
• Paris’s absolute location is 48.8566° N, 2.3522° E.
• Relative location describes a location in relation to another.
• An example of relative location: Paris is north of Marseille.
• Absolute distance is the exact measurement between two locations, often in kilometers or miles.
• New York and Los Angeles are approximately 2,450 miles apart
• Relative distance is measured in terms of time, cost, or convenience.
• An example of relative distance: Driving from New York to Los Angeles takes 5 hours.
• Absolute direction refers to fixed points on a compass like North, South, East, and West.
• "North" is an absolute direction.
• Relative direction describes directions in relation to other places or landmarks,
• An example of relative direction: "Turn right at the traffic light."
• A formal region is defined by common characteristics like climate or political boundaries.
• An example of a formal region: California, a state.
• Functional regions are structured around a central point or node.
• A metropolitan area, such as the New York City metro area, is a functional region.
• Perceptual regions are based on personal or cultural beliefs.
• An example of a perceptual region: "The South" in the U.S.
• Globalization involves increasing interconnectedness among countries and their people globally.
• McDonald's worldwide spread exemplifies globalization.
• Cultural landscape represents the visible impact of human activity on an area.
• Skyscrapers in New York City show human impact on the landscape.
• Natural landscape consists of physical features in a place uninfluenced by human activity.
• A mountain range or forest indicates a natural landscape.
• Geographic regions are areas defined by physical or cultural characteristics.
• The Sahara Desert is a geographic region.
• Human interaction describes how humans impact the environment and are impacted by it.
• Deforestation and urbanization are examples of human interaction.
• Spatial diffusion is how ideas, people, or diseases spread across space.
• Social media's spread worldwide is an example of spatial diffusion.
• Scale relates distance on a map to actual distance on Earth.
• A map scale of 1:50,000 indicates that one unit on the map is equal to 50,000 units on the ground.
• Site is defined as the physical characteristics of a place, including topography, climate, and resources.
• A city's site includes its elevation, water sources, and natural resources.
• Situation is the location of a place in relation to other places and its connections.
• Chicago is in a situation near Lake Michigan and the confluence of the Chicago and Des Plaines rivers.

Chapter 2

• Cartography is the art and science of making maps.
• Geographers use software to create political maps, in the realm of cartography.
• Map projection is a method to transform the Earth’s spherical surface into a flat map.
• Azimuthal projections show the Earth from a central point
• Conformal projections preserve shapes but distort size.
• Equal-area projections preserve area relationships but distort shape.
• Equidistant projections preserve distances from the center point.
• Area cartograms resize areas on a map based on the value of a variable.
• Population density cartograms show larger countries as bigger.
• Choropleth maps use color or shading to indicate variable values.
• Population density maps by state in the U.S. use the choropleth style.
• Contour lines connect points of equal elevation.
• Topographic maps use contour lines to show mountain heights.
• Contour interval is the vertical distance between contour lines.
• Contour lines may represent a 10-meter elevation change.
• Isolines connect points of equal value, such as temperature or pressure.
• An isotherm map displays areas of equal temperature using isolines.
• GIS (Geographic Information System) helps stores, analyze, and visualize geographic data.
• GIS in used to analyze crime data by neighborhood.
• GPS provides precise location data using satellites.
• GPS is used to navigate while driving.
• Landsat satellites collect Earth's surface data through remote sensing.
• Landsat imagery is used to track deforestation.
• Remote sensing collects data about Earth's surface from a distance using satellites.
• Satellite images monitor glacier shifts using remote sensing.
• Geographic databases store geographic data that can be queried and analyzed.
• Databases can contain land use, water resources and population data.
• A geographic grid defines locations on Earth's surface using latitude and longitude lines.
• Latitude lines run horizontally, while longitude lines run vertically on a geographic grid.
• Latitude measures distances north or south of the Equator.
• Longitude measures distances east or west of the Prime Meridian.
• New York City is located at 40.7128° N latitude, 74.0060° W longitude.
• The Prime Meridian is the zero-degree longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England.
• The Prime Meridian divides the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
• The International Date Line is an imaginary line at approximately 180° longitude where calendar date changes.
• Crossing the Date Line from west to east subtracts one day.
• Topographic maps show elevation and physical features using contour lines.
• Topographic maps provide a look at the detailed terrain of mountainous regions.

Chapter 3

• Alluvium is sediment deposited by rivers or streams, typically made of sand, silt, and clay.
• Alluvial fans near mountain streams are examples of alluvium.
• Asthenosphere is a semi-fluid layer in the Earth's mantle allowing tectonic plate movement.
• Chemical weathering involves breaking down rocks through reactions like oxidation or acid rain.
• Continental drift is the theory of how continents move across the Earth's surface over time.
• Diastrophism describes the Earth's crust deformation by tectonic forces like folding and faulting.
• Erosional agents are natural forces, including wind, water, and ice, that wear away rocks and soil.
• Faults are crustal cracks where movement has occurred.
• Floodplains are flat areas next to rivers that are subject to flooding.
• Folds are bends in rock layers caused by compression.
• Glaciers are large ice masses that move over land and shape the landscape.
• Gradational processes shape the Earth's surface through erosion, weathering, and deposition.
• Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
• Karst topography is a landscape shaped by soluble rock dissolution, characterized by caves.
• Lithosphere is the Earth’s rigid outer layer & includes upper mantle and the crust.
• Loess is fine, wind-blown silt that can form fertile soil.
• Mass movement transfers soil, rock, and debris downward under gravity’s influence.
• Mechanical weathering physically breaks down rocks without changing their composition.
• Metamorphic rocks are formed when pre-existing rocks encounter high pressure and temperature.
• Minerals are inorganic substances formed naturally and possess definite composition chemically.
• Permafrost is ground frozen for at least two years consecutively, typically located in polar regions.
• Plate tectonics: Earth's shell is divided into plates which move over the asthenosphere.
• Sedimentary rocks form through sediment accumulation & compression.
• Subduction is a process where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another.
• Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
• Volcanism occurs via volcanic activity (eruptions, for instance).
• Warping describes the Earth’s crust distortion or slow bending.
• Water tables represent the upper level of the zone that is saturated, and are below ground.
• Weathering describes a process that breaks down rocks via chemical, mechanical, and biological means.

Chapter 4

• Air masses are large volumes of air with uniform temperature and moisture.
• Air pressure is the force that the weight of air molecules exert on a surface.
• Blizzards are severe snowstorms marked by strong winds and low visibility.
• Climate is weather conditions over a long period for a specific area.
• Convection is heat transfer through fluid motion, such as air or water.
• Coriolis Effect is the deflection of wind in the Earth's rotation.
• Cyclones are air masses rotating around a low-pressure center.
• Dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated and condensation happens.
• El Niño Southern Oscillation defines climate changes in oceanic circulation, affecting weather.
• Frictional effect is resistance to air movement caused by mountains, trees, or buildings.
• A front is a boundary between air masses differing in humidity and temperature.
• Global warming is the rise in Earth’s average surface air temperature due to levels of greenhouse gasses increased.
• The greenhouse effect warms Earth's surface by trapping heat via gases like carbon dioxide and methane.
• Humid continental climates which exhibit hot summers, cold winters usually found within continents.
• Hurricanes are strong winds, large tropical storms, and heavy rain developing over bodies of warm ocean.
• Insolation is the term for total solar radiation received at Earth’s surface.
• Jet streams refers to bands in the atmosphere of strong winds at high altitudes which move from the west towards east.
• Land breezes is cool air that occur blowing from the land and to body of water, typically occurring at night.
• Lapse rate refers to temperature falling as altitude in the atmosphere, the rate at which it decreases.
• Marine west coast climates offer mild weather & contain high precipitation for the year.
• Mediterranean climates host mild and wet winters and hot, the summers prove to be dry as well.
• Monsoons define Asia's wind that is seasonal, and that brings rains that are intense.
• Mountain breezes are cool breezes due to cooling of land at night.
• The North Atlantic Drifts’ warm oceans flow from the Gulf of Mexico to Europe which results in milder climate.
• Orographic precipitation occurs when cooling moist air is forced to condense over a mountain range leading to rain or snow.
• Precipitation defines any form of falling water (hail, snow, rain, or sleet).
• The pressure gradient force results as the air is forced to move from high pressure to low which creates wind.
• Reflection refers to light bounced off the surface and back such as clouds and the earth.
• Relative humidity is water vapor that can hold in the air compared to temperature maxed out.
• Reradiation is the process by the surface releases heat which was previously absorbed via the sun.
• Savannahs are grasslands that hosts a tropical presence with scant trees from places such as South America, Africa, and Australia.
• Sea breezes represent cool winds occurring when the winds move from the sea and onto the land occurring with differential heating.
• Source regions define areas that air masses begin within with specific characteristics of moisture and air temperature.
• Steppes: Large grasslands containing semi-arid conditions and in Central Asia, hosting hot heat in summers and in winters, cold.
• Temperature inversions represent air which traps air that is cooler near the surface that results in air pollution.
• Tornadoes are violent columns of which extends from thunderstorms towards the surface.
• Tropical rain forests stand for heavily coated trees that can located near the

Chapter 5

• Agricultural density measures farmers per unit of arable land.
• Agricultural density indicates population pressure on farmable land.
• The Boserup Thesis states that population growth drives technological improvements in agriculture.
• Carrying capacity defines the maximum size a population is that can supported by the environment.
• A cohort is individual groups who has the similar characteristics during the year they are born.
• CBR represents the count of total births for the year for each population of one thousand.
• CDR represents the death total count for the year for every one thousand population.
• Crude density is derived from land area ratio divided with count of total population.
• Demographic Equation is determined from population calculation.
• Pfinal=Pinitial+(B−D)+(I−E)Pfinal =Pinitial +(B−D)+(I−E) calculates the change in population where B stands for births, D-deaths, I immigration, E-emigration.
• Demographic transition notes variations in both birth and death data/rates.
• Demography studies aspects of population (structure, size, distribution).
• Dependency ratio measures economic challenges from dependent population.
• The dependent population ranges from under 15 and over 64.
• Doubling Time is time required to double in the population count.
• Ecumene measures part of the Earth's inhabitants which are for humans only.
• Food Insecurity: People whom require diet needs through food availability which is safe/sufficient needs.
• Homeostatic plateau defines population rising stabilization due limited capacity, and environmental needs.
• J-Curve defines steep upward type which exponentially shows a steep inclination prior evening the leveling off.
• Malthus predicts a population growth that the production cant keep up unless checked by disease/disaster.
• Neo- Malthusianism: Controls which are population-based to avoid resource depletion.
• Nonecumene is areas that show low inhabitation due environmental factors.
• Overpopulation notes when population goes over capacity of environmental needs.
• Physiological density tells number of population which relies on arable lands.
• Population density defines per sq km total average that people measure.
• Population geography measures the trends of growth and distribution.
• Population measures continue growth when low.
• Population projection is prediction for sizing.
• Population pyramids stands gender, are bars graphical.
• Rate measure and frequency with numbers.
• Rate of increasing natural occurs with rates and growth from the population.
• Rate of Replacement measures what has or has not been done to shrinking problems and the numbers.
• S-Curve tells the capacity of population.
• Total fertility rate tells and measures if during children is expected during birth rates.
• ZPG: A condition with equality that has growth.

Chapter 6

• Acculturation is cultural modification between cultures.
• Amalgamation Theory proposes to merging into a single unit.
• Assimilation is cultural adoption and what’s gained and or what is lost.
• Creole measures natural language with mixtures of languages and more.
• Cultural Ecology is measuring cultures for how one influences the other.
• Cultural Integration measures several cultural elements.
• Cultural Landscapes are the imprint of activity that are humans but natural occurring.
• Culture holds tradition, beliefs, artifacts and value.
• Culture Complex is sharing theme and a relationship which shares common practices.
• Culture Hearth began civilizations.
• Culture Realm hold multiple traits with similar language.
• Culture region has different practices and what traits.
• Culture System connects the beliefs of behaviors with beliefs.
• Cultural trait means elements for customs such as food or dressing.
• Dialects are regional differences often for reflected geographic differences.
• Environmental Determinism stands physical, humans, shape for development.
• Ethnicity identities based on culture which come from heritage.
• Culture Religions are tied with ethnicities where its origin holds and ethnic background.
• Ethnoburb is cultural concentrated forming backgrounds.
• Folk Culture is traditions that are rural that is usually passed down throughout generations.
• Gender is cultural in social ways with how it attributes.
• Genetic Drift is Alleles frequency.
• Ideological Subsystem is ideas with values or beliefs.
• Innovation is tools, new creation and practice.
• Language Family a common languages with trace ancestry.
• Lingua Franca holds a common languages between speakers of with a different original tongue.
• Material Culture that relates to space, art and tools.
• Natural Selection is organisms surviving.
• The intangible parts relate to beliefs.
• Pidgin represents simplified trade for language.
• Culture that is popular for consumption.

Chapter 8

• Activity space are areas we commonly move.
• Chain migration process is destination.
• Channelized Migration are relations with friends, relatives.
• Contagious Diffusion is spreading features.
• Critical distance represents great efforts and cost.
• Decay of distant principles decrease from places.
• Globalization is spread of practices and technology.
• Diffusion is an idea or person with influence.
• Hierarchical migration that migrants from smaller to bigger opportunities.
• Interactions that influence that is humans exchange.
• Mental Map represents one's perspectives and feelings.
• Migration that intends to be settling between people from one to another.
• Field of migration in a specific area for attract.
• Utility is opportunities in value to have benefits.
• Pull that have more economic or a better life and also what can attract new conditions.
• There are more than that forces out which is a hardship.
• Counter migration is moving that returns back.
• Diffusion is when people spread.

Chapter 11

• Antecedent boundaries existed prior settlements & cultural landscape.
• These are geometric or artificial boundaries drawn by people and doesn't always regard culture
• Centrifugal forces tend to divide, including political, ethnic, and cultural differences.
• Centripetal force represents a common unity for economic states and share values.
• Compact states which is circular and its centered so communication can progress with speed.
• Consequent defines areas between groups or boundaries but with culture, for all human populations and what characteristics.
• Core areas are concentrated for influence with production.
• Devolution: power transfers.
• Election locations with system, with their impacts
• Elongated meaning it's long and has transportation challenges.
• Those states that are small area that is ethnic.
• The state of the ones removed.
• Common union promotes national.
• Exclave defines is another state.
• EEZ contains maritime area.
• Those that are fragments is what it is
• Political advantages.
• Territory claims with a partially homeland.
• Group in shared territories.
• Nation: Identity to emphasize.
• State is defined and so on but in one
• Natural things that exist.

Chapter 12 and 13

• Agglomeration is clustering of Industries.
• Business, is market and services.
• Commodities: Distribution, Processing, chain.
• Advantage and company that provides well.
• Consumers whom satisfy an individual and has entertainment.
• Ecology that is forms for those and the needs with natural cultures sustainable.
• Economy which is what has to offer with shared industry.
• Productions which are products or changes in technology.
• Is mass distribution that is known to by Henry Ford uses flexible lines in an assistance increases.
• FDI makes in one country which allow presence in markets.
• Utilities, transportation and basic organized business.
• Is just in time: material only with that is needed and increases.
• Cost is trying to minimize the location for cost.
• Division that shares cheaper coasts and developing economy.
• Process to another and relocated companies.
• Has resources and skills with outside expertise with a supply.
• Multiple operation has large corporation where key functions.
• The output is a variable and is utilities and such.
• Sector and economy creates and external sectors and good base with external good bases.
• High commercialized center.
• The area is core where that city.
• Christaller made towns serve and place a location.
• High population.
• A model that industry zone.
• A set to its outside sources of region
• City is urbanized.
• The access is controlled to that privacy.
• Lead neighborhoods.
• With all that for the center to go and the resources.
• A region that expands.
• Many urban densities.
• ties of economic suburban linked.
• Which cities grow well.
• More than that.
• Economy: local sectors.
• A model and the center on the cities
• Which center develops.
• The sites.
• To their surroundings
• Characterized the density is a residence.
• Towns often serve.
• The economies that run down towns with is top and the ones at bottom.
• Wood that the renewable sustainable
• Waste products that are natural and reduce the generations.
• For what may be the the drought and it's insecure because things is. But farming gets more water.
• From their that are human that they are and in the the the the the the. The mixing and zones and that is their.
• Thermal that in the regions with hydraulic while in it. The with water that all and has to power.
• For storage than the the is more they and of is the two of the waste by that a the of wind .