Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of GNSS?
What is the main purpose of GNSS?
The main purpose of GNSS is to determine location anywhere on Earth using satellite signals.
How many satellites are required for 3D positioning?
How many satellites are required for 3D positioning?
At least 4 satellites are required for 3D positioning.
What are the three main segments of a GPS system?
What are the three main segments of a GPS system?
The three main segments of a GPS system are the space segment, control segment, and user segment.
Why are atomic clocks used in satellites?
Why are atomic clocks used in satellites?
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What is the significance of the World Geodetic System 96 (WGS96)?
What is the significance of the World Geodetic System 96 (WGS96)?
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Name one example of a Global Navigation Satellite System.
Name one example of a Global Navigation Satellite System.
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What role do tracking stations play in the GPS system?
What role do tracking stations play in the GPS system?
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How do GNSS receivers determine their location?
How do GNSS receivers determine their location?
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What role does chlorophyll play in the spectral reflectance of plants?
What role does chlorophyll play in the spectral reflectance of plants?
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How do multispectral sensor systems differ from panchromatic sensor systems?
How do multispectral sensor systems differ from panchromatic sensor systems?
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What is spectral reflectance and why is it important in remote sensing?
What is spectral reflectance and why is it important in remote sensing?
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Describe the process and importance of orthophoto correction.
Describe the process and importance of orthophoto correction.
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What are active sensors, and how do they function in remote sensing?
What are active sensors, and how do they function in remote sensing?
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Explain the concept of ground truthing in the context of remote sensing.
Explain the concept of ground truthing in the context of remote sensing.
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How can radar sensors contribute to environmental monitoring?
How can radar sensors contribute to environmental monitoring?
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What does the term 'fisheye distortion' refer to in remote sensing?
What does the term 'fisheye distortion' refer to in remote sensing?
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Why is higher resolution not always preferable in remote sensing?
Why is higher resolution not always preferable in remote sensing?
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What is the rectification process in remote sensing?
What is the rectification process in remote sensing?
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What is the primary use of absolute GPS and what is its average error?
What is the primary use of absolute GPS and what is its average error?
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How does statistical GPS reduce positioning error, and what is its average error?
How does statistical GPS reduce positioning error, and what is its average error?
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What additional technology does Differential GPS use to improve precision?
What additional technology does Differential GPS use to improve precision?
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Describe the role of SWEPOS in differential GPS.
Describe the role of SWEPOS in differential GPS.
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What is the relationship between single-station RTK and network RTK methods?
What is the relationship between single-station RTK and network RTK methods?
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What factors can affect GPS positioning precision?
What factors can affect GPS positioning precision?
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How do real-time kinematics (RTK) improve positioning accuracy?
How do real-time kinematics (RTK) improve positioning accuracy?
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What distinguishes satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) from land-based systems?
What distinguishes satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) from land-based systems?
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Explain the concept of infield GIS.
Explain the concept of infield GIS.
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What is the average precision of network RTK in high-density traffic areas?
What is the average precision of network RTK in high-density traffic areas?
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In remote sensing, what is the primary source of energy measured by sensors?
In remote sensing, what is the primary source of energy measured by sensors?
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How do satellite positions relate to the WGS84 reference system?
How do satellite positions relate to the WGS84 reference system?
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What impact does ionic activity have on GPS positioning accuracy?
What impact does ionic activity have on GPS positioning accuracy?
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What is the significance of using multiple reference stations in network RTK?
What is the significance of using multiple reference stations in network RTK?
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What are the two main categories of infield GIS devices mentioned?
What are the two main categories of infield GIS devices mentioned?
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What role does chlorophyll play in remote sensing?
What role does chlorophyll play in remote sensing?
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Study Notes
Geodetic Data and Positioning Systems
- Primary geographic data requires a positioning system and sensor for attribute capture.
- Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) use satellites to determine location.
- GNSS satellites orbit Earth and send signals to receivers.
- Receivers calculate location based on signal travel time from multiple satellites.
- At least four satellites are needed for 3D positioning (latitude, longitude, altitude), three for 2D.
- Elevation is relative to the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84).
- Examples of GNSS: GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), BeiDou (China)
- GNSS Advantages: Global coverage, 24/7 operation, high accuracy.
- Satellite Systems include the Space segment (satellites in precise orbit relative to WGS84), Control segment (tracking stations, operating data), and User segment (receivers & users).
- Minimum of 24 satellites are kept in 6 orbital planes, positioned 55 degrees to the equator, with higher density at the equator.
- Satellites have atomic clocks for precise timekeeping.
- Amplitude Modulation (AM) is used for satellite signal transmission.
- Bearings from satellites allow location calculation (like lighthouse bearings).
- Location accuracy depends on the number of satellite positions available.
GPS Positioning Techniques
- Absolute GPS: Real-time positioning, average error 5-10m (constant error), suitable for navigation.
- Statistical GPS: Requires stationary position for detailed atmospheric error calculation. Uses absolute GPS data, accuracy 0.5-2cm.
- Differential GPS: Uses a known reference station to correct for atmospheric distortion. Increases accuracy, average error 1-2m, uses AM and FM signals, allows for real-time correction of satellite signals.
- SWEPOS: National Swedish reference station network for differential GPS. Accuracy depends on proximity to reference stations.
- Single-Station RTK (Real-Time Kinematics): Uses a base station for real-time error correction, average precision 0.5-5cm, susceptible to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.
- Network RTK (Real-Time Kinematics): Uses multiple reference stations for improved accuracy, mm precision in high traffic areas. Differential GPS used in lower traffic densities.
Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS)
- Satellite-based reference stations above long-haul aircraft provide positioning data in areas far from land-based augmentation systems.
Land Based Augmentation Systems
- Land-based reference stations provide position data corrections in the atmosphere.
Reference Frames
- Global: WGS84
- National: RT90
- Local: RT90 (0 gon)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- Infield GIS combines GPS and GIS software for field data collection.
- Includes handheld devices like ArcPad.
Remote Sensing
- Remote sensing captures attribute data via sensors on various platforms (satellites, aircraft, drones).
- Sunlight is a primary energy source.
- Sensors measure reflected/resonated energy from Earth's surface.
- Different materials reflect sunlight differently, forming spectral "fingerprints".
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Spectral Resolution:
- Panchromatic: Black and white, single detector.
- Multispectral: Multiple energy levels.
- Hyperspectral: Multiple simultaneous energy levels.
- Spectral reflectance is how much light an object reflects at different wavelengths.
- Chlorophyll shows a distinct wavelength dip in spectral reflectance.
- Ground Truthing: Provides accurate spatial attributes to remote sensing data.
- Higher sensor resolution is not always beneficial, it varies with different altitudes.
Photogrammetry & Ortho-Rectification
- Orthophotos: Remove distortions (fish-eye, terrain). Ensures all items in the photo are seen from above and are seen perpendicular to the center of the photo.
- Active Sensors: Emit their own energy (radar, lidar)
Example: Chlorophyll Spectral Reflectance
- Chlorophyll reflects and absorbs different light wavelengths.
- Reflectance patterns help identify plant health and type.
Data Rectification
- Raster-to-vector/vector-to-raster conversion, e.g. updating historical maps.
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Description
This quiz delves into the fundamentals of geodetic data and the various positioning systems such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Discover how satellites like GPS and Galileo aid in accurately determining geographical locations. Test your understanding of satellite classification, operating segments, and the advantages these systems offer.