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Questions and Answers
What phenotype will all the offspring have when two homozygous recessive parents (pp * pp) are crossed?
What phenotype will all the offspring have when two homozygous recessive parents (pp * pp) are crossed?
What principle did Mendel NOT discover?
What principle did Mendel NOT discover?
What term describes a complete set of chromosomes?
What term describes a complete set of chromosomes?
What is the result of Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)?
What is the result of Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)?
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What phenomenon can be observed in heterozygous chickens with black and white speckled feathers?
What phenomenon can be observed in heterozygous chickens with black and white speckled feathers?
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What is the term for the production of sex cells?
What is the term for the production of sex cells?
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Which of the following describes harmful mutations?
Which of the following describes harmful mutations?
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What does a karyotype provide information about?
What does a karyotype provide information about?
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Which concept describes the relationship between phenotype and genotype?
Which concept describes the relationship between phenotype and genotype?
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What term describes the condition where there is a gain or loss of a single chromosome?
What term describes the condition where there is a gain or loss of a single chromosome?
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Which mating system is characterized by increasing homozygosity?
Which mating system is characterized by increasing homozygosity?
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What is the primary difference between outcrossing and cross breeding?
What is the primary difference between outcrossing and cross breeding?
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Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for domestication?
Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for domestication?
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Study Notes
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype predicts phenotype of offspring; homozygous recessive (pp) yields all recessive offspring.
Mendel's Laws
- Discovered the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
Sex Chromosomes
- Birds and mammals do not have the same sex chromosomes.
- This statement is false for birds and mammals.
Genotype Manipulation
- Animal genotypes can be manipulated through breeding (True).
Karyotype
- A complete set of chromosomes is called a karyotype.
Chromosome Number
- All body cells (except gametes) have a diploid number of chromosomes (True).
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21) results from homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis.
Predicting Offspring Phenotypes
- Parental genotypes can be used to predict offspring phenotypes.
- Cross two heterozygous (Yy x Yy) parents, yielding offspring genotypes YY, Yy, yY, yy.
Codominance
- Heterozygous chickens with black and white speckled feathers are an example of codominance.
Phenotype Factors
- Many factors alter animal phenotype (True).
Gametogenesis
- The term for producing sex cells is gametogenesis.
Genetic Disorders
- Only changes in chromosomes structure, not necessarily number, can cause genetic disorders (False).
- Embryos have diploid (not haploid) chromosome numbers (False).
Mutations
- Harmful mutations make the organism less able to survive, causing death.
Chromosome Components
- Cell components, like eye and hair color, height, and tail length, are examples of phenotypes.
Genotype vs. Phenotype Relationship
- Relation: Phenotype = Genotype + Environment (P=G+E). Two individuals with the same genotype in the same environment would likely have the same phenotype.
Chromosome Number Variations
- Polyploidy: chromosome number is a multiple of the normal haploid (e.g., 3n, 4n).
- Aneuploidy: gain or loss of single chromosome (e.g., monosomy, trisomy).
Chromosome Structure Variations
- Variations: deletions (loss of material), duplications (extra copies), translocations (transfer between chromosomes), inversions (reversed segments).
Mating Systems
- Inbreeding (increases homozygosity)
- Outbreeding (increases heterozygosity). Includes species cross, cross-breeding, outcrossing, grading up.
Animal Domestication
- Animal domestication involves adapting wild animals to domestic use, with factors such as feeding and survivability being prerequisites.
Animal Breeding
- Breeding programs aim to produce uniform animals. Potential negative outcomes from animal breeding include metabolic issues, bone fractures in laying birds, and reduced fertility in dairy cows.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of genotype and phenotype, including Mendel's laws and chromosomal principles. This quiz covers the prediction of offspring phenotypes, sex chromosomes in birds and mammals, and the manipulation of genotypes through breeding.
