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Questions and Answers
What does a genotype refer to in an organism?
What does a genotype refer to in an organism?
Which base pairs represent the correct pairing in DNA?
Which base pairs represent the correct pairing in DNA?
What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA?
What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA?
During which process is RNA synthesized from a DNA template?
During which process is RNA synthesized from a DNA template?
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What role does tRNA play in protein synthesis?
What role does tRNA play in protein synthesis?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of transcription?
Which of the following is NOT a component of transcription?
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Where does the process of translation occur in a cell?
Where does the process of translation occur in a cell?
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In which cells can mutations be inherited?
In which cells can mutations be inherited?
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Which method is primarily used to kill harmful microorganisms in liquids like milk without damaging the product?
Which method is primarily used to kill harmful microorganisms in liquids like milk without damaging the product?
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Which medication is commonly used to treat tuberculosis (TB)?
Which medication is commonly used to treat tuberculosis (TB)?
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What is the name of the yeast infection commonly known to affect females?
What is the name of the yeast infection commonly known to affect females?
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Which of the following antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit?
Which of the following antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit?
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What does the method of gel electrophoresis analyze?
What does the method of gel electrophoresis analyze?
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What is the primary function of plasmids in bacteria?
What is the primary function of plasmids in bacteria?
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What is the mechanism through which antibiotic resistance can be acquired through direct contact between bacteria?
What is the mechanism through which antibiotic resistance can be acquired through direct contact between bacteria?
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Which of the following processes is primarily used to amplify a specific DNA sequence in a laboratory setting?
Which of the following processes is primarily used to amplify a specific DNA sequence in a laboratory setting?
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What is the outcome of moisture processes like autoclaving in microbial control?
What is the outcome of moisture processes like autoclaving in microbial control?
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In the context of viral infections, what is a characteristic effect of antiviral drugs?
In the context of viral infections, what is a characteristic effect of antiviral drugs?
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Which type of microorganism's growth is prevented by high-level germicides?
Which type of microorganism's growth is prevented by high-level germicides?
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What do sulfonamides primarily interfere with in microbial metabolism?
What do sulfonamides primarily interfere with in microbial metabolism?
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What characteristic defines selectively toxic antibiotics?
What characteristic defines selectively toxic antibiotics?
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How does ionizing radiation affect microorganisms?
How does ionizing radiation affect microorganisms?
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What is the main distinguishing feature between mold and yeast?
What is the main distinguishing feature between mold and yeast?
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What is the primary action of moist heat on proteins?
What is the primary action of moist heat on proteins?
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Which mutation results from the deletion of a nucleotide?
Which mutation results from the deletion of a nucleotide?
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What does PCR stand for in molecular biology?
What does PCR stand for in molecular biology?
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What is the main purpose of using silver nitrate cream on burns?
What is the main purpose of using silver nitrate cream on burns?
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Study Notes
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup (specific alleles or genes).
- Phenotype refers to observable traits.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is a double helix composed of two strands.
- It carries genetic instructions for all living organisms.
- DNA stores information for growth, development, and function.
RNA Structure and Function
- RNA is a nucleic acid, often single-stranded.
- Crucial in protein synthesis.
- Can have other functions, like catalyzing reactions or regulating genes.
Base Pairing
- DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
- RNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
- Hydrogen bonds hold base pairs together.
DNA Polymerase Directionality
- DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
Transcription, Translation, and Replication
- Transcription: Copying DNA to RNA. (Occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes)
- Translation: Using RNA to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm (ribosomes).
- Replication: Copying DNA for cell division.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- tRNA is located in the cytoplasm.
- tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
Components of Transcription
- Sigma factor: Protein that helps RNA polymerase recognize promoters.
- RNA polymerase: Enzyme that synthesizes RNA.
- Promoter: DNA sequence signaling the start of a gene.
Mutations
- Germ cell mutations are inheritable.
- Somatic cell mutations are not passed to offspring.
Plasmids
- Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules.
- Common in bacteria.
- Can carry genes like antibiotic resistance.
- Can be transferred between cells (horizontal gene transfer).
Prokaryotes
- Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- Usually have a single circular chromosome.
Plasmid Incorporation
- Antibiotic resistance genes can be incorporated into plasmids.
- Detecting recombinant cells: antibiotic resistance.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences.
- Enables millions of copies of a segment for analysis.
Electrophoresis
- Electrophoresis separates DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and charge.
Microbial Control
- Sterilization: Kills all microbes, including endospores.
- Disinfection: Kills vegetative pathogens but not necessarily endospores.
- Antiseptic: Disinfectant used on living tissue.
- Sanitization: Reduces microbial load on surfaces.
- Degermation: Reduces the number of microbes, usually through mechanical means.
Heat Control
- Moist heat works by denaturing proteins.
- High temperatures kill cells, low temperatures inhibit growth.
Radiation Control
- Ionizing radiation removes electrons, damaging microbial DNA.
Chemical Control
- Iodine (e.g., Betadine): Used as a disinfectant or antiseptic.
- Silver nitrate: Used for burn treatment.
- Detergents: Low-level germicides.
Hepatitis C
- Highly transmittable through bodily fluids (e.g., blood).
- High risk of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.
Microbial Resistance
- Mechanisms of resistance include:
- Conjugation
- Transformation
- Transduction
Immune System Reaction to Drugs
- Drug allergy is an immune system reaction to medication.
Superinfection
- Occurs when antibiotics disrupt normal flora, allowing resistant bacteria to overgrow.
Selective Toxicity
- Antibiotics target bacterial structures without harming human cells.
Drug Mechanisms of Action
- Sulfonamides interfere with metabolism.
- Penicillin blocks cell wall synthesis.
- Tetracyclines block tRNA attachment, stopping synthesis.
- DNA gyrase inhibitors prevent DNA coiling.
- Polymyxins disrupt cell membranes.
Antiviral Drugs
- Inhibit viral replication, mutation, or attachment.
Conjugation
- Genetic material transfer between bacteria via direct contact.
COPD
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Fungi (Mold and Yeast)
- Both eukaryotes in the kingdom Fungi.
- Molds grow in filamentous structures; yeasts grow as single cells.
Frameshift Mutations
- Result from the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide(s).
- Shift the reading frame of the genetic code.
DNA Fingerprinting
- Used to identify individuals, assess relationships, and more.
- Can be used in forensics and genetic studies.
Laboratory Techniques
- Pasteurization: heating liquids to kill microbes without damaging the product.
- Isoniazid is a medication for tuberculosis (TB).
- Candidiasis: fungal infection causing yeast infections in women.
- Antimicrobials are used to treat fungal, protozoal, and other parasitic infections.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts about genotypes and phenotypes, the structure and function of DNA and RNA, base pairing rules, and the processes of transcription and translation. Test your understanding of genetic fundamentals and molecular biology!
