Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of DNA microarray technique?

  • To preselect specific genes for examination
  • To convert mRNA into cDNA form
  • To analyze the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously (correct)
  • To directly synthesize proteins from mRNA

    • What does mRNA act as in the context of gene expression?

  • A direct protein synthesizer
  • A surrogate marker (correct)
  • A gene stabilizer
  • A gene regulator

    • Why is it necessary to convert mRNA into a more stable cDNA form?

  • cDNA facilitates protein synthesis
  • mRNA lacks genetic information
  • mRNA is easily degraded (correct)
  • cDNA enhances gene expression

    • What does global expression profiling offer as an advantage?

    <p>The genes examined are not influenced by preselection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are many different DNA sequences deposited in DNA microarray technique?

    <p>On a small surface, usually a glass slide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>It carries genetic information from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method used to identify DNA fragments on microarrays?

    <p>Location and complementary base pairing through hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of mRNA samples being converted to cDNA and labeled with fluorescent probes in microarray analysis?

    <p>To measure gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of microarray technology?

    <p>Time-consuming analysis of large data sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA sequencing determine?

    <p>The order of nucleotides in a DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Sanger sequencing?

    <p>It is a PCR-based method that sequences up to 1000 nucleotides in multiple reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing)?

    <p>It is a high-speed, high-throughput method that sequences entire genomes at a reduced cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can microarray analysis be used in drug discovery and development?

    <p>To identify disease pathways, validate targets, and screen compounds for mechanisms of action and toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can microarray analysis help identify?

    <p>Gene expression changes in response to treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a patient's breast cancer resistance to chemotherapies be investigated?

    <p>By comparing gene expression profiles before and after treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ligation with custom adaptors in library preparation?

    <p>To introduce index for sample identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method used for sequencing during library preparation?

    <p>Bridge PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are nucleotide additions detected during the sequencing reaction?

    <p>By measuring changes in electrical conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of third-generation sequencing (3GS) technologies?

    <p>They generate long reads for a more complete genome picture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing work?

    <p>It immobilizes a single DNA molecule on a polymerase enzyme and generates long, continuous reads in real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of third-generation sequencing (3GS) over second-generation sequencing?

    <p>Generation of long reads that span entire genomic regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of microarrays in drug discovery and development?

    <p>Identifying disease pathways, validating targets, and screening compounds for mechanisms of action and toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of microarray technology?

    <p>Time-consuming analysis of large data sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Sanger sequencing?

    <p>It is a PCR-based method that sequences up to 1000 nucleotides in multiple reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA sequencing determine?

    <p>The order of nucleotides in a DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of NGS over Sanger sequencing?

    <p>High-speed, high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes at a reduced cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are mRNA samples from reference and experimental samples processed for microarray analysis?

    <p>Converted to cDNA and labeled with fluorescent probes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can microarray analysis help identify?

    <p>Gene expression changes in response to treatment and compounds with too many side-effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in the context of gene expression?

    <p>mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of converting mRNA into cDNA and labeling it with fluorescent probes in microarray analysis?

    <p>To facilitate hybridization with microarray slides for gene expression analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ligation with custom adaptors during library preparation for NGS?

    <p>To allow amplification by PCR before sequencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ligation with custom adaptors in library preparation?

    <p>To enable the sequencing primer binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing work?

    <p>It immobilizes a single DNA molecule on a polymerase enzyme and generates long, continuous reads in real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of third-generation sequencing (3GS) technologies?

    <p>They generate long reads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is data analysis involved in the sequencing process?

    <p>Processing signals to determine the sequence using assembly consensus and determining coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method used for sequencing during library preparation?

    <p>Immobilizing DNA on a polymerase enzyme for real-time reads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of third-generation sequencing (3GS) over second-generation sequencing?

    <p>Generating long reads that span entire genomic regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA sequencing determine?

    <p>The sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can microarray analysis help identify?

    <p>Global expression profiles of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can third-generation sequencing (3GS) be applied?

    <p>For biomarker discovery, clinical trial design, precision medicine, and bioproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nanopore sequencing?

    <p>To thread DNA through a tiny pore and measure changes in electrical conductivity as bases pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA microarray technique?

    <p>To analyze the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>It carries genetic information from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to convert mRNA into a more stable cDNA form?

    <p>mRNA is easily degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does global expression profiling offer as an advantage?

    <p>The genes examined are not influenced by preselection of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can microarray analysis help identify?

    <p>Activity of genes within a cell or tissue sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle technology behind DNA microarray technique?

    <p>Depositing many different DNA sequences on a small surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mRNA act as in the context of gene expression?

    <p>A surrogate marker for gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using DNA microarray technique?

    <p>Investigating gene regulation and function within cells or tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does mRNA contribute to assessing genetic information?

    <p>By producing many copies corresponding to active genes for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from assessing various mRNAs in terms of gene expression?

    <p>Understanding processes behind altered genetic expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Library preparation involves fragmenting DNA using enzymes or sonication, followed by ligation with custom adaptors.

    • The adaptors contain a sequencer binding site, index, and sequencing primer binding site.

    • Sequencing is performed using clonal amplification methods, such as droplet or bridge PCR.

    • During the sequencing reaction, each nucleotide addition generates an optical or chemical signal.

    • Data analysis involves processing signals to determine the sequence using assembly consensus and determining coverage.

    • Third-generation sequencing (3GS) generates long reads, providing a more complete picture of the genome.

    • 3GS technologies include single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and nanopore sequencing.

    • SMRT sequencing immobilizes a single DNA molecule on a polymerase enzyme and generates long, continuous reads in real-time.

    • Nanopore sequencing threads DNA through a tiny pore and measures changes in electrical conductivity as bases pass through.

    • 3GS advantages include generating long reads that span entire genomic regions, resolving ambiguities, and studying complex genomic regions.

    • 3GS is used for biomarker discovery, clinical trial design, precision medicine, and bioproduction.

    • Library preparation involves fragmenting DNA using enzymes or sonication, followed by ligation with custom adaptors.

    • The adaptors contain a sequencer binding site, index, and sequencing primer binding site.

    • Sequencing is performed using clonal amplification methods, such as droplet or bridge PCR.

    • During the sequencing reaction, each nucleotide addition generates an optical or chemical signal.

    • Data analysis involves processing signals to determine the sequence using assembly consensus and determining coverage.

    • Third-generation sequencing (3GS) generates long reads, providing a more complete picture of the genome.

    • 3GS technologies include single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and nanopore sequencing.

    • SMRT sequencing immobilizes a single DNA molecule on a polymerase enzyme and generates long, continuous reads in real-time.

    • Nanopore sequencing threads DNA through a tiny pore and measures changes in electrical conductivity as bases pass through.

    • 3GS advantages include generating long reads that span entire genomic regions, resolving ambiguities, and studying complex genomic regions.

    • 3GS is used for biomarker discovery, clinical trial design, precision medicine, and bioproduction.

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    Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Techniques PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of genomic and transcriptomic analysis techniques, including the role of mRNA in protein synthesis and gene expression.

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