Genitourinary Viruses in Swine
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Questions and Answers

What is the main health impact of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) on swine?

  • Respiratory failure in mature sows
  • Reproductive failure in gilts and naïve sows (correct)
  • Neurological disorders in young pigs
  • Chronic wasting disease in pigs

    • What feature distinguishes the Arteriviridae family, particularly PRRSV?

  • Single-stranded DNA genome
  • Double-stranded RNA genome
  • Single-stranded RNA genome (correct)
  • Non-enveloped structure

    • Which of the following controls is crucial in managing Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?

  • Routine vaccination of all swine
  • Vaccination of gilts before breeding (correct)
  • Regular serological testing of pigs
  • Isolation of all infected animals

    • What is a significant reason for the difficulty in eradicating PPV?

    <p>Ability to survive long-term in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical signs are associated with Porcine Parvovirus infection?

    <p>Stillbirths, mummification, and infertility (SMEDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PRRSV primarily transmit between swine populations?

    <p>Airborne transmission through respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the stability of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) in its environment?

    <p>Can survive for up to 4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing PPV in swine?

    <p>Detection of viral antigens in mummified fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way that Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is transmitted between swine?

    <p>Via direct contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is specifically associated with infection during the third trimester in pregnant sows affected by PRRSV?

    <p>Abortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common secondary pathogen associated with PRRSV infections?

    <p>Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures is NOT effective in controlling PRRSV?

    <p>Allowing free range movement of pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine provides the best protection against PRRSV viremia and clinical disease?

    <p>Modified live vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the economic impact of PRRSV on the U.S. swine industry?

    <p>$1.8 million per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) survive in the environment?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark sign of PPV infection?

    <p>SMEDI (stillbirths, mummification, early embryonic death, infertility)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)?

    <p>It exhibits high genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management strategy is most effective in preventing Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) transmission?

    <p>Vaccinating gilts before breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily complicates the eradication of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?

    <p>Its long-term survival in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the hallmark clinical signs of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) infection?

    <p>Stillbirths, mummification, and infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the limited usefulness of serological tests for PPV?

    <p>The endemic presence of the virus in swine populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does PRRSV primarily affect swine production?

    <p>By inducing reproductive failure in breeding sows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature differentiates Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) from PRRSV?

    <p>PPV has a ssDNA genome and is non-enveloped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate size of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)?

    <p>25nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason PRRSV has a significant impact on swine health?

    <p>It targets alveolar macrophages and causes prolonged infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures can help control the spread of PRRSV?

    <p>Exposing gilts before breeding to the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark syndrome associated with Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) infection?

    <p>Stillbirths, mummification, early embryonic death, and infertility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used to diagnose PRRSV in swine?

    <p>Serology and PCR testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PRRSV primarily evade effective immune responses?

    <p>By infecting the alveolar macrophages and establishing prolonged infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the biology of PRRSV?

    <p>It is an enveloped virus and can survive in cold environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of modified live vaccines against PRRSV?

    <p>Completely eradicating the virus from swine herds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated economic loss caused by PRRSV in the U.S. swine industry?

    <p>$1.8 million per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genitourinary Viruses in Swine

    • Arteriviridae and Parvoviridae are two viral families affecting swine health and production.

    • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV):

      • Enveloped, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome of ~15kb.
      • Causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages.
      • Highly contagious and endemic in swine herds.
      • Transmission occurs through direct contact, artificial insemination, and transplacental routes.
      • Most economically devastating swine disease in the US, costing about $1.8 million daily.

    • Porcine Parvovirus (PPV):

      • Non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome of ~5kb.
      • Causes reproductive failure in gilts and naïve sows, primarily through vertical transmission.
      • Highly stable in the environment, surviving up to 4 months and resistant to many disinfectants.
      • Hallmark signs include stillbirths, mummification, early embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI).

    Stability and Environmental Factors

    • PPV is highly stable, surviving in the environment for up to 4 months.
    • PRRSV is less stable due to its envelope but can survive in cold environments.

    Control and Management Strategies

    • PPV:

      • Vaccination of breeding gilts can prevent infection and transplacental transmission, inducing protective maternal antibodies.
      • Strict biosecurity measures and sanitation protocols are crucial to minimize environmental contamination.

    • PRRSV:

      • Exposing breeding gilts to the virus can result in immunity.
      • Implementing all-in all-out management practices to reduce the spread of infection.
      • Maintaining strict biosecurity protocol to prevent disease introduction.
      • Vaccination with killed, autogenous, or modified live vaccines, with modified live vaccines offering greater protection.

    Economic Impact

    • PRRSV is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry.
    • The virus arose in the US in the 1980s, potentially from Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus.

    Clinical Signs and Diagnosis

    • PPV:

      • Clinical signs include SMEDI: stillbirths, mummification, early embryonic death, and infertility.
      • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and detection of viral antigens in mummified fetuses using immunofluorescent microscopy.

    • PRRSV:

      • Clinical signs include respiratory disease in pigs of all ages and reproductive issues in sows.
      • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, serology, PCR, and virus isolation techniques.
      • No specific treatment for PRRS, supportive care and antibiotics are used to manage secondary infections.

    Key Facts

    • PPV is a non-enveloped virus, stable for up to 4 months in the environment.
    • PRRSV is an enveloped virus, less stable, but surviving in cold conditions.
    • SMEDI is a hallmark symptom of PPV infection, signifying reproductive failure.
    • PRRSV is the most economically devastating swine disease in the US, costing approximately $1.8 million daily.

    Genitourinary Viruses in Swine

    • Arteriviridae and Parvoviridae are two viral families that significantly impact swine health and production.
    • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV):
      • Enveloped, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, approximately 15kb in size.
      • Highly diverse with frequent mutations.
      • Causes severe economic losses in the U.S. swine industry, estimated at $1.8 million per day.
      • Emerged in the 1980s and is believed to have originated from the Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus.
    • Porcine Parvovirus (PPV):
      • Non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome, approximately 5kb in size.
      • Highly stable in the environment, surviving up to 4 months and resistant to many disinfectants.

    Porcine Parvovirus (PPV)

    • Pathogenesis:
      • Causes reproductive failure in gilts and naïve sows primarily through vertical transmission (transplacental infection).
      • Viremia occurs during the acute phase, with the virus potentially crossing the placenta and affecting fetal development.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Hallmark signs include SMEDI: stillbirths, mummification, early embryonic death, and infertility.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Based on clinical signs and detection of viral antigens in mummified fetuses using immunofluorescent microscopy.
      • Serological tests are generally not useful due to the endemic nature of PPV in swine populations.

    Control and Management of PPV

    • Vaccination:
      • Vaccination of gilts before breeding can prevent infection and transplacental transmission, inducing protective maternal antibodies.
    • Management Practices:
      • Implementing strict biosecurity measures and sanitation protocols to minimize environmental contamination and exposure to the virus.
    • Eradication Challenges:
      • Complete eradication is difficult due to the virus's ability to survive long-term in the environment.

    Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRSV)

    • Epidemiology and Transmission:
      • Endemic in swine herds with carrier swine acting as reservoirs, shedding the virus in various bodily fluids.
      • Transmission occurs through direct contact, artificial insemination with infected semen, and transplacental routes.
      • The virus can be aerosolized and transmitted over distances of up to 9 km.
    • Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis:
      • Respiratory disease in pigs of all ages, particularly severe in growing pigs, and reproductive issues in pregnant sows.
      • Infection during the third trimester can lead to abortions, stillbirths, and high pre-weaning mortality rates.
      • PRRSV targets alveolar macrophages, leading to prolonged infections and immune evasion strategies that complicate treatment.

    Diagnosis, Control, and Prevention of PRRSV

    • Diagnosis:
      • Based on clinical signs, serology, PCR, and virus isolation techniques.
    • Treatment:
      • No specific treatment available; supportive care and antibiotics are used to manage secondary infections.
      • Common secondary pathogens include Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
    • Control Measures:
      • Exposing gilts before breeding.
      • Implementing all-in all-out management practices.
      • Maintaining strict biosecurity protocols.
    • Vaccination:
      • Killed, autogenous, and modified live vaccines are available, with modified live vaccines providing better protection against viremia and clinical disease.
    • Regional Elimination:
      • Requires coordinated actions among producers to effectively manage and reduce PRRSV prevalence.

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    Description

    Explore the critical impact of Arteriviridae and Parvoviridae families on swine health. This quiz covers essential aspects of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Porcine Parvovirus (PPV), including transmission, symptoms, and economic consequences. Test your knowledge on these significant viral diseases affecting swine production.

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