Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following Pattern Recognition Receptors recognizes lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following Pattern Recognition Receptors recognizes lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria?
What is the primary function of the Complement System?
What is the primary function of the Complement System?
What is the mechanism by which Neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
What is the mechanism by which Neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of Natural Killer cells?
Which of the following is NOT a function of Natural Killer cells?
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Which Pattern Recognition Receptor recognizes muramyl dipeptide from bacterial peptidoglycan?
Which Pattern Recognition Receptor recognizes muramyl dipeptide from bacterial peptidoglycan?
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What is the central component of the Complement System?
What is the central component of the Complement System?
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What is the primary function of Neutrophil degranulation?
What is the primary function of Neutrophil degranulation?
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How are Natural Killer cells activated?
How are Natural Killer cells activated?
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Study Notes
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
- Types:
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
- NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
- RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
- C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
- Function:
- Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- Activate immune response through signaling pathways
- Trigger production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons
- Examples:
- TLR4 recognizes LPS from Gram-negative bacteria
- TLR2 recognizes lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria
- NOD2 recognizes muramyl dipeptide from bacterial peptidoglycan
Complement System
- A group of proteins that work together to:
- Mark pathogens for destruction
- Activate immune cells
- Inflame tissues
- Three main pathways:
- Classical pathway: activated by antibody-bound pathogens
- Alternative pathway: activated by pathogens without antibody
- Lectin pathway: activated by mannose-binding lectin
- Key components:
- C3 (central component)
- C5-9 (membrane attack complex)
- C1q, C4, C2 (classical pathway)
- Factor B, Factor D (alternative pathway)
- Functions:
- Opsonization: marking pathogens for phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis: attracting immune cells to site of infection
- Cytolysis: direct killing of pathogens
Neutrophil Function
- Key functions:
- Phagocytosis: engulfing and digesting pathogens
- Degranulation: releasing enzymes and antimicrobial granules
- Respiratory burst: producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- Mechanisms:
- Recognition of pathogens through PRRs and Fc receptors
- Activation of NADPH oxidase for ROS production
- Release of granules containing enzymes (e.g., elastase, myeloperoxidase)
- Importance:
- First line of defense against bacterial infections
- Rapid response to tissue damage and inflammation
Natural Killer Cell Biology
- Characteristics:
- Large granular lymphocytes
- No antigen-specific receptor
- Spontaneous cytotoxicity against tumor cells and virally infected cells
- Activation:
- Through recognition of missing or altered self-MHC molecules
- Via activating receptors (e.g., NKp46, NKp30, NKG2D)
- By cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IL-15)
- Functions:
- Direct cytotoxicity: killing target cells through granzyme and perforin
- Cytokine production: IFN-γ, TNF-α, and others
- Modulation of immune response: regulating T cell and dendritic cell activity
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
- Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate immune response
- TLR4 recognizes LPS from Gram-negative bacteria
- TLR2 recognizes lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria
- NOD2 recognizes muramyl dipeptide from bacterial peptidoglycan
- Activate immune response through signaling pathways and trigger production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons
Complement System
- Marks pathogens for destruction, activates immune cells, and inflames tissues
- Classical pathway activated by antibody-bound pathogens
- Alternative pathway activated by pathogens without antibody
- Lectin pathway activated by mannose-binding lectin
- C3 is a central component of the complement system
- C5-9 forms the membrane attack complex
- Opsonization marks pathogens for phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis attracts immune cells to site of infection
- Cytolysis directly kills pathogens
Neutrophil Function
- Phagocytosis: engulfing and digesting pathogens
- Degranulation: releasing enzymes and antimicrobial granules
- Respiratory burst: producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- Recognize pathogens through PRRs and Fc receptors
- Activate NADPH oxidase to produce ROS
- Release granules containing enzymes (e.g., elastase, myeloperoxidase)
- First line of defense against bacterial infections
- Rapid response to tissue damage and inflammation
Natural Killer Cell Biology
- Large granular lymphocytes with no antigen-specific receptor
- Spontaneous cytotoxicity against tumor cells and virally infected cells
- Activate through recognition of missing or altered self-MHC molecules
- Activate via activating receptors (e.g., NKp46, NKp30, NKG2D)
- Activate by cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-12, IL-15)
- Direct cytotoxicity: killing target cells through granzyme and perforin
- Cytokine production: IFN-γ, TNF-α, and others
- Modulate immune response: regulating T cell and dendritic cell activity
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Description
Test your understanding of Pattern Recognition Receptors, including their types, functions, and examples, in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activating immune response.
