Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the structural and functional unit of chromatin fiber?
What is the structural and functional unit of chromatin fiber?
- Chromatin
- Gene
- Chromatid
- Nucleosome (correct)
How many histone proteins are found in the core of a nucleosome?
How many histone proteins are found in the core of a nucleosome?
- 10
- 4
- 8 (correct)
- 6
What is the approximate length of DNA based on 32 base pairs?
What is the approximate length of DNA based on 32 base pairs?
- 0.34 µm
- 1.5-2 µm (correct)
- 32 µm
- 5-20 µm
What is the total number of genes present in the genome?
What is the total number of genes present in the genome?
What is formed by wrapping 146 base pairs around a histone protein?
What is formed by wrapping 146 base pairs around a histone protein?
What is the correct order of the processes described in the central dogma?
What is the correct order of the processes described in the central dogma?
Which statement about DNA is accurate?
Which statement about DNA is accurate?
What is the purpose of reverse transcription?
What is the purpose of reverse transcription?
What percentage of the genome is typically represented by euchromatin?
What percentage of the genome is typically represented by euchromatin?
What happens prior to cell division?
What happens prior to cell division?
Where does gene expression primarily occur?
Where does gene expression primarily occur?
What is the role of helicase in the process of gene expression?
What is the role of helicase in the process of gene expression?
What type of strand does RNA polymerase transcribe from?
What type of strand does RNA polymerase transcribe from?
What happens to introns during the modification of mRNA?
What happens to introns during the modification of mRNA?
What is the significance of the mature mRNA molecule?
What is the significance of the mature mRNA molecule?
What is splicing primarily responsible for in the mRNA molecule?
What is splicing primarily responsible for in the mRNA molecule?
What does the addition of a poly(A) tail to mRNA involve?
What does the addition of a poly(A) tail to mRNA involve?
Which of the following modifications involves the addition of a 5' cap?
Which of the following modifications involves the addition of a 5' cap?
What is the role of introns in the splicing process?
What is the role of introns in the splicing process?
What is the chemical modification of guanosine known as?
What is the chemical modification of guanosine known as?
What role do nuclear pores play in relation to mRNA?
What role do nuclear pores play in relation to mRNA?
How do nuclear pores contribute to the protection of mRNA molecules?
How do nuclear pores contribute to the protection of mRNA molecules?
What is a consequence of malfunctioning nuclear pores?
What is a consequence of malfunctioning nuclear pores?
What is one function of nuclear pores stated in the document?
What is one function of nuclear pores stated in the document?
What happens to mRNA without the function of nuclear pores?
What happens to mRNA without the function of nuclear pores?
What percentage of a cell's life is spent in interphase?
What percentage of a cell's life is spent in interphase?
Which process is responsible for the formation of gametes?
Which process is responsible for the formation of gametes?
During which phase does the replication of chromosomes occur?
During which phase does the replication of chromosomes occur?
Which type of cell division occurs in prokaryotes?
Which type of cell division occurs in prokaryotes?
What happens during the G1 Phase of the cell cycle?
What happens during the G1 Phase of the cell cycle?
What is the main purpose of mitosis in a cell?
What is the main purpose of mitosis in a cell?
Which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes becoming visible and condensed?
Which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes becoming visible and condensed?
What follows the completion of mitosis in the cell division process?
What follows the completion of mitosis in the cell division process?
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?
How many main steps are there in the process of mitosis?
How many main steps are there in the process of mitosis?
What happens during metaphase in cell division?
What happens during metaphase in cell division?
What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase?
What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase?
What occurs right after the centromeres split during anaphase?
What occurs right after the centromeres split during anaphase?
Which of the following correctly describes the initial stage of cell division?
Which of the following correctly describes the initial stage of cell division?
What is the function of centrioles during cell division?
What is the function of centrioles during cell division?
What is the primary function of cytokinesis in cell division?
What is the primary function of cytokinesis in cell division?
Which of the following events occurs during telophase?
Which of the following events occurs during telophase?
What is the main outcome of meiosis?
What is the main outcome of meiosis?
Which structure forms to aid in the division of the parent cell during cytokinesis?
Which structure forms to aid in the division of the parent cell during cytokinesis?
Which phase of cell division is characterized by the uncoiling of chromosomes?
Which phase of cell division is characterized by the uncoiling of chromosomes?
What is the main product of meiosis?
What is the main product of meiosis?
Which phase of meiosis involves the formation of tetrads?
Which phase of meiosis involves the formation of tetrads?
How many times does cell division occur during meiosis?
How many times does cell division occur during meiosis?
What occurs during interphase before meiosis begins?
What occurs during interphase before meiosis begins?
Which of the following phases is NOT part of meiosis?
Which of the following phases is NOT part of meiosis?
Flashcards
DNA length in cell nucleus
DNA length in cell nucleus
DNA is too long to fit into the nucleus, needing to condense, and its length is approximately 1.5-2µm, based on 0.34Å per base pair.
Genome
Genome
All the DNA within a cell constitutes the cell's genome.
Gene count estimate
Gene count estimate
A human genome contains approximately 12,500 genes.
Nucleosome
Nucleosome
Fundamental unit of chromatin; a segment of DNA wound around histone proteins.
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Histone core
Histone core
A cluster of eight histone proteins in a nucleosome.
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Chromatin fiber
Chromatin fiber
The structural form of DNA in the nucleus consisting of nucleosomes.
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Gene Expression Location
Gene Expression Location
Gene expression primarily occurs inside the cell nucleus.
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mRNA Copying
mRNA Copying
Gene expression involves copying small segments of DNA into mRNA molecules.
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DNA Unwinding
DNA Unwinding
During gene expression, DNA is uncoiled to expose the genetic code for copying.
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RNA Polymerase Role
RNA Polymerase Role
RNA polymerase is the enzyme that facilitates the building of mRNA from the DNA template.
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Sense Strand (DNA)
Sense Strand (DNA)
The DNA strand used as a template for mRNA synthesis; oriented 3'→5'.
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Non-sense Strand (DNA)
Non-sense Strand (DNA)
The DNA strand that is not used as a template for mRNA synthesis; oriented 5'→3'.
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Central Dogma
Central Dogma
DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein, the flow of genetic information.
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DNA Transcription
DNA Transcription
The process of creating RNA from a DNA template.
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mRNA Translation
mRNA Translation
The process of creating a protein from an mRNA template.
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Protein (cell specific)
Protein (cell specific)
Proteins are crucial for cell functions, determined by the cell type.
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DNA location
DNA location
DNA remains within the cell nucleus.
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Reverse Transcription
Reverse Transcription
RNA is used as a template to make DNA.
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DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Creating a copy of DNA.
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Genome
Genome
Complete set of genetic material.
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Gene Expression
Gene Expression
Using DNA code to make a product (protein).
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Euchromatin
Euchromatin
Active DNA, visible form, less condensed.
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Splicing
Splicing
Joining exons and removing introns during RNA processing to create mature mRNA.
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Exons
Exons
Coding segments of DNA that are translated into protein.
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Introns
Introns
Non-coding segments of DNA that are removed during RNA processing.
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7-methyl Guanosine
7-methyl Guanosine
A modification adding a methyl group to the guanosine at the 5' end of mRNA.
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Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation
Adding a poly(A) tail (adenines) to the 3' end of mRNA.
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Capping
Capping
Adding a modified guanine nucleotide (5' cap) to the 5' end of mRNA.
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Nuclear Pore Function
Nuclear Pore Function
Nuclear pores facilitate mRNA's exit from the nucleus for protein synthesis.
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mRNA Protection
mRNA Protection
Nuclear pores shield mRNA from breakdown in the cytoplasm.
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mRNA Exit
mRNA Exit
Nuclear pores allow mRNA to leave the nucleus to be used in translation.
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Nuclear Pore Lifespan Impact
Nuclear Pore Lifespan Impact
Nuclear pores influence the lifespan of the cell by supporting crucial processes like mRNA action.
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Cell Division Types
Cell Division Types
Prokaryotes divide through binary fission; eukaryotes use mitosis for somatic cells and meiosis for gamete formation.
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Cell Cycle - Interphase
Cell Cycle - Interphase
The cell grows, DNA replicates, and organelles duplicate during interphase – the longest part of the cell cycle.
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G1 Phase
G1 Phase
The first phase of interphase where the cell grows and matures.
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S Phase
S Phase
DNA replication happens during the S phase of interphase.
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Mitosis Phases
Mitosis Phases
The four main stages of nuclear division in cell division: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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Prophase (Mitosis)
Prophase (Mitosis)
The first stage where chromosomes become visible and condense.
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
The process where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate cells.
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Mitosis
Mitosis
Cell nucleus divides into two equal parts, identical copies
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Interphase
Interphase
Cell grows and prepares before mitosis starts.
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Telophase
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelopes reform, spindle fibers dissolve, and cytokinesis begins.
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm during cell division, resulting in two daughter cells, each identical to the parent cell.
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Meiosis
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
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Chromatid Separates
Chromatid Separates
During cell division, the duplicated chromosomes (chromatids) pull apart and move to opposite sides of the cell.
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Centriole Migration
Centriole Migration
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.
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Spindle Formation
Spindle Formation
Spindle fibers develop between centrioles in the dividing cell.
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Metaphase
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell (equator).
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Anaphase
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles.
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Sister Chromatids
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome.
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Meiosis
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces four genetically different haploid cells (half the number of chromosomes) from one diploid cell (full number of chromosomes).
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Zygote
Zygote
A fertilized egg; a diploid cell formed by the fusion of sperm and egg.
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Meiosis Phases
Meiosis Phases
Meiosis has eight phases occurring in two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). Each round involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
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Interphase (meiosis)
Interphase (meiosis)
Phase before meiosis, chromosomes duplicate, forming sister chromatids.
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Prophase I (meiosis)
Prophase I (meiosis)
Homologous chromosomes pair up, forming tetrads; crossing over occurs.
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Tetrad formation
Tetrad formation
Homologous pairs of chromosomes physically associate to make a structure called a tetrad.
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