29 Questions
What determines the presence of each type of CDK-cyclin complex?
Synthesis of specific cyclins at certain times
Which CDK-cyclin complex is involved in the transition from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle?
CDK2-cyclin E
What is the role of CycB-Cdk1 in the cell cycle?
Phosphorylating lamin and leading to nuclear envelope breakdown during early mitosis
What is the purpose of the G1-to-S checkpoint?
To arrest the cell cycle in response to DNA damage
What happens to cells producing p53 in response to DNA damage?
They undergo apoptosis
What is the primary function of checkpoints in cell division?
To prevent the transmission of genomic instability
What is the outcome of apoptosis?
DNA degradation and nucleus condensation
What is the result of gene amplification in tumor cells?
Formation of homogenously staining regions (HSRs) or double minutes
What is the characteristic of oncogenes?
They have the capacity to convert a normal cell into a cancer cell
What is the effect of mutations in tumor-suppressor genes?
They can cause dominantly inherited predispositions to cancer
What is the main difference between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes?
Proto-oncogenes have the capacity to convert a normal cell into a cancer cell, while tumor-suppressor genes suppress tumor formation
What is the consequence of cells with defective checkpoints?
They are more vulnerable to DNA damage
What is the main function of CDKs in the cell cycle?
To phosphorylate other proteins
What happens to lamins during mitosis?
They are phosphorylated and become soluble
How many cyclins have been identified in mammals?
29
What type of mutation results in increased proliferation in oncogenes?
Gain-of-function mutation
What is the role of cyclins in the cell cycle?
To activate CDKs
What is the significance of studying cell-cycle mutants in yeast?
To identify cell division genes
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?
To slow down the cell cycle
How do retroviruses contribute to the formation of oncogenes?
By integrating into the host genome and activating a proto-oncogene
What is the result of CDKs phosphorylating proteins?
Either activation or inactivation of the protein
What is the characteristic of oncogenes in terms of their action?
They act dominantly to promote cancer
What is the role of proto-oncogenes?
They encode proteins needed for cell cycle progression
What is the result of loss-of-function mutations in both copies of a tumor suppressor gene?
Increased cell proliferation
What type of kinases are Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs)?
Ser/Thr kinases
What is the role of cyclins in the regulation of cell cycle progression?
To act as regulatory subunits
How many CDKs are involved in cell cycle progression, according to the text?
6
What is the condition for CDKs to be active?
When bound to cyclins
What is the purpose of CDK7, 8, 9, 11, and 12?
Transcription regulation
Test your understanding of the genetics of cancer, including characteristics of cancer cells, genetic basis of cancers, cell division regulation, and personalized cancer treatment. Based on Chapter 23 of Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 8th Edition.
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