Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of malignant cells?
What is a characteristic of malignant cells?
- Decreased proliferation
- Normal cellular differentiation and proliferation
- Increased cellular differentiation
- Loss of cellular differentiation and increased proliferation (correct)
What type of mutations can lead to cancer?
What type of mutations can lead to cancer?
- Point mutations and chromosome rearrangement (correct)
- Neither point mutations nor chromosome rearrangement
- Chromosome rearrangement only
- Point mutations only
What is the function of proto-oncogenes?
What is the function of proto-oncogenes?
- To suppress the cell cycle
- To repair DNA damage
- To encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle (correct)
- To encode proteins that inhibit apoptosis
What is the effect of oncogenes on the cell cycle?
What is the effect of oncogenes on the cell cycle?
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the function of p53?
What is the function of p53?
What is the effect of mutated proto-oncogenes on the cell cycle?
What is the effect of mutated proto-oncogenes on the cell cycle?
What is the effect of mutated tumor suppressor genes on the cell cycle?
What is the effect of mutated tumor suppressor genes on the cell cycle?
What effect does the mutation of telomerase in somatic cells have on cancer development?
What effect does the mutation of telomerase in somatic cells have on cancer development?
How does the cell cycle respond to DNA damage under normal conditions?
How does the cell cycle respond to DNA damage under normal conditions?
Which type of cancer is specifically associated with mutations in DNA repair genes such as BRCA?
Which type of cancer is specifically associated with mutations in DNA repair genes such as BRCA?
What is a characteristic of most cancer treatments?
What is a characteristic of most cancer treatments?
What is the goal of targeted cancer treatments?
What is the goal of targeted cancer treatments?
Which drug specifically targets the HER2 receptor in breast cancer?
Which drug specifically targets the HER2 receptor in breast cancer?
What role do proto-oncogenes play in cancer?
What role do proto-oncogenes play in cancer?
What is the significance of serum testing for cancer antigens such as PSA?
What is the significance of serum testing for cancer antigens such as PSA?
What role does p53 play at the G1/S checkpoint?
What role does p53 play at the G1/S checkpoint?
Which CDK partner is crucial for regulating the G2 checkpoint?
Which CDK partner is crucial for regulating the G2 checkpoint?
Which of the following is a consequence of p53 mutation in cancer?
Which of the following is a consequence of p53 mutation in cancer?
During what phase does cyclin-A/CDK-2 phosphorylate proteins involved in the DNA replication complex?
During what phase does cyclin-A/CDK-2 phosphorylate proteins involved in the DNA replication complex?
What initiates the destruction of cyclin-B/CDK-1 at the M checkpoint?
What initiates the destruction of cyclin-B/CDK-1 at the M checkpoint?
What is the role of APC/C in the cell cycle?
What is the role of APC/C in the cell cycle?
Which protein complex is necessary for the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle apparatus during the M checkpoint?
Which protein complex is necessary for the attachment of chromosomes to the spindle apparatus during the M checkpoint?
Which of the following represents a characteristic of cancer related to cell cycle regulation?
Which of the following represents a characteristic of cancer related to cell cycle regulation?
Study Notes
Cancer Characteristics
- Point mutations, chromosome rearrangement, loss, or gain can lead to cancer
- Mutant cell clones can expand and form tumors
- Cancer cells often have decreased cellular differentiation and increased proliferation
- Cancer cells can be pathologically invasive
Cancer Causation
- As cells age, mutations can accumulate and lead to malignancy
Gene Groups Mutated in Cancer
- Proto-oncogenes (e.g. EGFR, Src, Ras, Myc) can become oncogenes when mutated, leading to cell-cycle activation and tumor formation
- Tumor suppressor genes (e.g. p21, p16, p53) normally suppress the cell cycle
- When mutated, tumor suppressor genes can lose their function and allow cell-cycle activation
- Genes that repair DNA (e.g. BRCA) are important for preventing cancer
Cell Cycle Regulation
- Cyclin-E/CDK2 phosphorylates target proteins and initiates S-phase
- The restriction checkpoint is guarded by p53 and can be breached by mutations in p53
- Cyclin-A/CDK-2 regulates transit throughout S-phase
- Cyclin B/CDK-1 regulates the G2 checkpoint and is required for mitosis
- Cyclin B/CDK-1 triggers its own destruction and pushes cells into anaphase
Cancer Prevention and Treatment
- Cancer prevention involves detecting and repairing DNA mutations
- Cancer treatments often target specific molecules or processes (e.g. Rituxan targets CD20, Herceptin targets HER2)
- Goals of cancer treatment include targeting metastasis, angiogenesis, and specific molecules
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics and causation of cancer, including point mutations, chromosomal rearrangement, and gene mutations. It also explores the 5 gene groups that are mutated in cancer.
