Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Principles

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What does it mean for an allele to be homozygous?

It is the rarest form in a population.

It can be either dominant or recessive.

It contains two different alleles.

It contains the same alleles. (correct)

Which condition is NOT necessary for allele frequencies to remain constant over time?

Presence of genetic drift (correct)

Random mating

No mutations

No gene flow

How do you calculate the allele frequency in a diploid population?

By adding the number of heterozygotes to the homozygotes.

By multiplying the total number of individuals by two.

By determining the total number of alleles and their proportions. (correct)

By averaging the frequencies of genotypes in the population.

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predict?

Genetic variation will remain constant in a population. Signup and view all the answers

If the frequency of allele 'a' changes from 0.4 to 0.71, what does this indicate?

The population has evolved at that gene. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state about the total frequency of alleles in a population?

The total frequency of alleles must equal 1.0. Signup and view all the answers

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does the term '2pq' represent?

The expected frequency of heterozygous individuals. Signup and view all the answers

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and 180 out of 500 turtles exhibit the recessive phenotype, what is the frequency of the recessive allele?

0.24 Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of microevolution on allele frequency over generations?

Microevolution results in gradual changes in allele frequencies across generations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a condition necessary for a population to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

The population has no selection pressures acting on it. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered the original source of new alleles in a population?

Mutation. Signup and view all the answers

In the example of turtles, if the dominant allele for ninja fighting (F) is found at a higher frequency, which genotype would you expect to have the greatest number of individuals?

Heterozygous (Ff). Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a lethal mutation in a population?

It could drastically alter survival rates of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of selection occurs when traits at both ends of a spectrum are favored over intermediate forms?

Disruptive selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of natural selection in evolutionary biology?

It allows for the passing of traits that improve survival and reproduction. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mutation rates, how frequently do mutations occur in a gene?

Once every 10,000 to 1,000,000 copies Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when an allele frequency reaches 100% in a population?

Fixation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sexual selection?

Mating success is determined by physical traits. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a non-selective process that can alter allele frequencies due to random events?

Genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of mutations in evolutionary change?

Mutations provide slight advantages and are rare. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of natural selection, what does 'selection pressure' refer to?

Conditions that favor certain traits over others. Signup and view all the answers

What defines microevolution?

Changes in allele frequency within a population over time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes macroevolution?

Evolution that results in significant changes at higher taxonomic levels Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of anagenesis?

The gradual transformation of green algae into land plants Signup and view all the answers

Which process represents the splitting of one lineage into two new species?

Speciation Signup and view all the answers

What initiates reproductive isolation between populations?

The end of gene flow between populations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism?

Two species mate at different times of the year Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences microevolutionary changes within a population?

Natural selection and genetic drift Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly distinguishes cladogenesis from anagenesis?

Cladogenesis results in branching into new species, whereas anagenesis is a linear progression within a lineage. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a situation where one lineage rapidly diverges into many?

Adaptive radiation Signup and view all the answers

What happens during coevolution?

Two species evolve in response to each other. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes stasis in evolutionary terms?

Long periods of little change in a lineage. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key innovation in the context of evolutionary adaptations?

A trait that allows more efficient exploitation of a habitat. Signup and view all the answers

How does evolution influence ecological interactions?

New adaptations can alter relationships between organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of stasis in evolution?

It can reflect a stable and successful adaptation to a niche. Signup and view all the answers

What is the evolutionary arms race primarily associated with?

Interactions between parasites and their hosts. Signup and view all the answers

What does exaptation refer to in evolutionary biology?

A trait that has been repurposed for a different use. Signup and view all the answers