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Questions and Answers
According to the principles of population genetics, what is the outcome when no allele is inherently better than another?
According to the principles of population genetics, what is the outcome when no allele is inherently better than another?
- Natural selection consistently favors one allele, leading to increased fitness.
- Chance events primarily determine allele frequencies, regardless of population size. (correct)
- Allele frequencies remain stable over time, maintaining genetic diversity.
- Mutation rates increase to counteract the effects of genetic drift.
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between population size and the likelihood of new mutations being lost in a population?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between population size and the likelihood of new mutations being lost in a population?
- New mutations are more likely to be lost in larger populations due to reduced individual impact. (correct)
- New mutations are equally likely to be lost in both small and large populations.
- Population size has no impact on the likelihood of new mutations being lost.
- New mutations are more likely to be lost in smaller populations due to genetic drift.
What condition is necessary for predicting genotype frequencies from allele frequencies, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What condition is necessary for predicting genotype frequencies from allele frequencies, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
- When any of the assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met.
- If all assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met. (correct)
- Only when selection favors heterozygotes.
- When mutation rates are high.
How can deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) be informative in population genetics?
How can deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) be informative in population genetics?
Which of the following statements best describes what allele frequencies can reveal about a population?
Which of the following statements best describes what allele frequencies can reveal about a population?
Which of the following is a condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Which of the following is a condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What does the formula $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$ represent in the context of population genetics?
What does the formula $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$ represent in the context of population genetics?
According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what remains constant from one generation to the next?
According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what remains constant from one generation to the next?
In population genetics, what does the term 'fixation' refer to?
In population genetics, what does the term 'fixation' refer to?
If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.1, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?
If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.1, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?
In the calculation of average fitness ($w_{avg}$), which statement accurately reflects the nature of the 'w' values?
In the calculation of average fitness ($w_{avg}$), which statement accurately reflects the nature of the 'w' values?
What does the parameter 'p' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
What does the parameter 'p' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
How would increasing the rate of new mutations affect a population that was previously in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
How would increasing the rate of new mutations affect a population that was previously in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the effect of a very large population size on the impact of random chance in allele frequency changes?
What is the effect of a very large population size on the impact of random chance in allele frequency changes?
What does it imply when observed genotype frequencies in a population deviate significantly from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What does it imply when observed genotype frequencies in a population deviate significantly from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Flashcards
Population Genetics
Population Genetics
The study of allele frequencies in a population and how they change over time.
Allele Frequency
Allele Frequency
The relative proportion of a specific allele within a population's gene pool.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
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Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Mutation Rate
Mutation Rate
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Gene Flow (Migration)
Gene Flow (Migration)
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Non-random mating
Non-random mating
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HWE deviation
HWE deviation
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Study Notes
Allele Frequency
- Allele frequencies in a population change over time
- Changes in populations over time can be measured
- Allele frequencies change due to environmental factors impacting a population
- The null hypothesis to determine if evolution is occurring is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- One allele is represented as p, and the other as q
- If p²+2pq+q²=1, then the gene is at equilibrium
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions:
- No new mutations
- No migration
- No natural selection
- No chance events
- Random mating
- The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies only to diploid organisms that reproduce sexually
Genetic Drift
- If no allele is better than another, frequency is determined by chance
- One allele will typically become more prevalent over time
- The mutation rate is limited
- Larger populations have a higher chance of new mutations
- New mutations are more likely to be lost in large populations
- Generations to fixation = 4 x population size
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Conclusions
- p = A1 frequency; q = A2 frequency
- p² + 2pq + q² = 1
- A1A1, A1A2, A2A2 represent the frequencies
- If allele frequencies are p and q, then genotype frequencies can be calculated
- Allele frequencies will not change among generations
- The formula to calculate Freq (A1) is Freq (A1) = 2*(Freq (A1A1) + Freq (A1A2))/2
- Allele frequencies at the population level, this can calculate frequencies from genotype frequencies
- Genotype frequencies tell about phenotypes of individuals, and genotype frequencies can be predicted if all Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium assumptions are met
Information from HWE deviation
- Information from HWE deviation allows for magnitude and direction of evolution if we know:
- Selection strength
- Mutation rate
- Migration numbers and genotypes migrating
- Mating preferences
- Drift can only estimate magnitude
Predictions of the Impact of Selection
- Percent survival for each genotype gives us relative fitness
- Average fitness = p²w11 + 2pqw12 + q²w22
- w values do not need to add up to 1
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Description
Explore allele frequency changes in populations over time and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Understand how environmental factors, genetic drift, and mutations influence these changes. Learn about the conditions required for a gene to be at equilibrium and how to apply the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
