SN Video: Microevolution & Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium- Easy Level Questions

<p>Small populations experience significant allele frequency changes due to chance events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relative frequency of a given allele in the entire gene pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$f(a) = \frac{n(a)}{2N}$, where $f(a)$ is the frequency of allele $a$, $n(a)$ is the number of copies of allele $a$, and $N$ is the total number of individuals in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genetic makeup of a non-evolving population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire collection of all alleles for a genetic locus in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rare dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assortative mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of alleles into and out of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a large population dwindles to a few individuals with a different genetic composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a small group separates from a large population, leading to a new population with a genetic makeup similar to the founders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutation, and no natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bottleneck and founder effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding of the concepts discussed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concepts such as gene flow and genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of alleles into and out of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P is the frequency of the dominant allele and Q is the frequency of the recessive allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dividing allele counts by the total number of alleles in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-evolving population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A null hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$0.8$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$0.2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To illustrate the Hardy Weinberg equation and show the probabilities of different genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation, natural selection, sexual selection, gene flow, and population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of it being present in the gametes produced during random mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An allele frequency is the relative frequency of a given allele in the entire gene pool. It is calculated by adding up all the number of alleles in the population and dividing it by two times the number of individuals in the population, represented as $f(a) = rac{2n_a}{2N}$, where $n_a$ is the number of specific alleles and $N$ is the total number of alleles in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gene pool is the entire collection of all the alleles for a genetic locus in the population. It is important in the context of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium because the equilibrium relies heavily on allele frequencies, and the gene pool provides the basis for calculating these frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diploid individuals have two alleles per genetic locus because they inherit one allele from each parent. This relates to allele frequencies because the frequency of a given allele is determined by the total number of alleles in the population, which is influenced by the number of individuals and their diploid nature, represented as $f(a) = rac{2n_a}{2N}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy Weinberg equilibrium provides a model for understanding what a population looks like when it's not evolving. It allows for the calculation of allele frequencies and the prediction of genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population, serving as a null hypothesis for studying evolving populations and isolating the causes of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four conditions that prevent a population from being in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation creates new genetic variation in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would take one single generation of truly random mating to reestablish Hardy Weinberg equilibrium after a flood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genotype frequencies are: $p^2 = 0.25$, $2pq = 0.5$, $q^2 = 0.25$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift affects small populations more than large ones because chance random events can cause allele frequencies to change significantly in future generations in small populations due to genetic drift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation is the ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift is disproportionately asked about on the exam because it's confusing and can trip up students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The trick to answering such a question is to remember that if p and q are both equal to 0.5, then the genotype frequencies are $p^2 = 0.25$, $2pq = 0.5$, $q^2 = 0.25$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P and Q are defined as the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles in a population, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency of each allele in the gene pool is calculated by dividing allele counts by the total number of alleles in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The allele frequencies are 0.8 for P and 0.2 for Q in the given population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, random mating is assumed as one of the key assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs when the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype probabilities holds true from generation to generation, indicating a non-evolving population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five main causes of evolution that can be isolated using the concept of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium are mutation, natural selection, sexual selection, gene flow, and population size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation is considered the ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium forms a null hypothesis and helps in understanding evolving populations and isolating the causes of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency of a given allele in the overall gene pool determines the probability of it being present in the gametes produced during random mating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$p^2 = 0.25$, $2pq = 0.5$, $q^2 = 0.25$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gene pool is the entire collection of all the alleles for a genetic locus in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bottleneck effect occurs when a large population dwindles to a few individuals with a different genetic composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rare dominant alleles spread faster than rare recessive alleles due to the need for two copies of the recessive allele for expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleles with greater evolutionary advantage spread faster than those with lesser advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assortative mating, non-random mating, occurs in natural populations, influencing genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene flow, equivalent to migration, involves the movement of alleles into and out of a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift, distinct from gene flow, impacts allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bottleneck effect occurs when a large population dwindles to a few individuals with a different genetic composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Founder effect occurs when a small group separates from a large population, leading to a new population with a genetic makeup similar to the founders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples using M&amp;Ms illustrate the bottleneck and founder effects in genetic drift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy Weinberg equilibrium assumes random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutation, and no natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium forms a null hypothesis and helps in understanding evolving populations and isolating the causes of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text emphasizes the importance of understanding concepts such as gene flow and genetic drift in evolutionary biology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides examples and explanations to clarify the concepts of genetic drift, assortative mating, and the spread of advantageous alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allele frequency = The relative frequency of a given allele in the entire gene pool Gene pool = The entire collection of all alleles for a genetic locus in a population Diploid individuals = Individuals having two alleles per genetic locus Hardy Weinberg equilibrium = Describes a population that is not evolving</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$p$ = Frequency of the dominant allele in the population $q$ = Frequency of the recessive allele in the population $2p$ = Number of dominant alleles in the population $2q$ = Number of recessive alleles in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic drift = Impacts allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations Mutation = Ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations Founder effect = Occurs when a small group separates from a large population, leading to a new population with a genetic makeup similar to the founders Assortative mating = Non-random mating, influencing genetic diversity in natural populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating = Assumed in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Large population size = Assumed in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium No gene flow = Assumed in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium No mutation = Assumed in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rare dominant alleles vs. rare recessive alleles = Rare dominant alleles spread faster than rare recessive alleles due to the need for two copies of the recessive allele for expression. Alleles with greater evolutionary advantage = Alleles with greater evolutionary advantage spread faster than those with lesser advantage. Assortative mating vs. non-random mating = Assortative mating, non-random mating, occurs in natural populations, influencing genetic diversity. Gene flow vs. genetic drift = Gene flow, equivalent to migration, involves the movement of alleles into and out of a population. Genetic drift, distinct from gene flow, impacts allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples using M&amp;Ms = Examples using M&amp;Ms illustrate the bottleneck and founder effects in genetic drift. Bottleneck effect = Bottleneck effect occurs when a large population dwindles to a few individuals with a different genetic composition. Founder effect = Founder effect occurs when a small group separates from a large population, leading to a new population with a genetic makeup similar to the founders. Genetic drift = Genetic drift impacts allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating = Hardy Weinberg equilibrium assumes random mating, large population size, no gene flow, no mutation, and no natural selection. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium = The concept of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium allows for the isolation of causes of evolution, with specific assumptions. Genetic drift = The study of Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium forms a null hypothesis and helps in understanding evolving populations and isolating the causes of evolution. Assumptions of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium = The text emphasizes the importance of understanding concepts such as gene flow and genetic drift in evolutionary biology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P and Q = Frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium = Relationship between allele frequencies and genotype probabilities holding true from generation to generation Mutation = Introduction of new genetic variation in populations Gene flow = Movement of alleles between populations due to migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Introduces new genetic variation in populations Natural selection = Acts on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations Sexual selection = Acts on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations Gene flow = Involves movement of alleles between populations, impacting allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating = Assumed as one of the key assumptions in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Large population size = Assumed as one of the key assumptions in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium No mutation = Assumed as one of the key assumptions in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium No gene flow = Assumed as one of the key assumptions in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium = Indicates a non-evolving population if the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype probabilities holds true Mutation = Introduces new genetic variation, impacting allele frequencies Natural selection = Acting on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations and impacting allele frequencies Gene flow = Involves movement of alleles between populations, impacting allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations Natural selection = Acts on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations Sexual selection = Acts on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations Gene flow = Involves movement of alleles between populations, impacting allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allele frequency = Frequency of a particular allele in the gene pool of a population Gene pool = Entire collection of all the alleles for a genetic locus in the population Genotype frequency = Frequency of a particular genotype in a population Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium = Relationship between allele frequencies and genotype probabilities holding true from generation to generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Creates new genetic variation Gene flow = Introduces new alleles into a population Genetic drift = Affects small populations more than large ones Natural selection = Favors alleles with greater evolutionary advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$p^2$ (big B big B) = 0.25 $2pq$ (big B little b) = 0.5 $q^2$ (little b little b) = 0.25 $p$ (frequency of dominant allele) = 0.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assortative mating = Influences genetic diversity through non-random mating Founder effect = Leads to genetic differences in populations Bottleneck effect = Reduces genetic variation in a population Sexual selection = Acts on traits related to mating success</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Ultimate source of new genetic variation Gene flow = Increases genetic diversity through migration Genetic drift = Impacts allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations Natural selection = Favors advantageous alleles for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Creates new genetic variation in the population Genetic drift = Affects small populations more than large ones Gene flow = Involves the movement of alleles into and out of a population Natural selection = Acts on advantageous alleles to spread faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene flow = Involves migration and impacts allele frequencies Genetic drift = Affects allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations Mutation = Ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations Natural selection = Acts on advantageous alleles to spread faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assortative mating = Influences genetic diversity through non-random mating Gene flow = Involves migration and impacts allele frequencies Genetic drift = Affects allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations Mutation = Creates new genetic variation in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Creates new genetic variation in the population Genetic drift = Affects allele frequencies due to chance events in small populations Assortative mating = Influences genetic diversity through non-random mating Natural selection = Acts on advantageous alleles to spread faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P and Q = Frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium = Occurs when the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype probabilities holds true from generation to generation Mutation = Introduces new genetic variation in populations Natural selection and sexual selection = Act on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium = Forms a null hypothesis and helps in understanding evolving populations and isolating the causes of evolution Gene flow = Involves the movement of alleles into and out of a population Bottleneck effect = Occurs when a population size is drastically reduced, leading to a loss of genetic variation Founder effect = Occurs when a small group separates from a large population, leading to a new population with a genetic makeup similar to the founders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations Genetic drift = Chance random events can cause allele frequencies to change significantly in future generations in small populations Natural selection and sexual selection = Act on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations Gene flow = Involves the movement of alleles into and out of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation = Creates new genetic variation in the population Gene flow = Involves movement of alleles into and out of a population Genetic drift = Affects small populations more than large ones Natural selection = Acts on genetic variation, influencing the evolution of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy Weinberg equilibrium = Indicates a non-evolving population under specific conditions Gene pool = Entire collection of all the alleles for a genetic locus in the population Bottleneck effect = Occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size Founder effect = Results in genetic differences in populations due to a small number of individuals establishing a new population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$p^2$ = Probability of genotype 'big B big B' $2pq$ = Probability of genotype 'big B little b' $q^2$ = Probability of genotype 'little b little b' Allele frequency = Relative frequency of a given allele in the entire gene pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hardy Weinberg equilibrium = Allows for isolation of causes of evolution Mutation = Ultimate source of new genetic variation in populations Genetic drift = Affects small populations more than large ones Gene flow = Involves movement of alleles into and out of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers