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Questions and Answers
Which condition is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Which condition is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
- Natural selection acting on the locus in question (correct)
- No mutation
- Random mating
- Infinite population size
Non-random mating directly alters allele frequencies from one generation to the next.
Non-random mating directly alters allele frequencies from one generation to the next.
False (B)
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, what does the term '2pq' represent?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, what does the term '2pq' represent?
frequency of heterozygous individuals
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies in a population will not change from generation to generation if the population is in _______________.
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies in a population will not change from generation to generation if the population is in _______________.
Match each term with its corresponding definition within the context of the Hardy-Weinberg principle:
Match each term with its corresponding definition within the context of the Hardy-Weinberg principle:
If the frequency of the recessive allele in a population is 0.3, what is the frequency of the dominant allele, assuming there are only two alleles at the locus?
If the frequency of the recessive allele in a population is 0.3, what is the frequency of the dominant allele, assuming there are only two alleles at the locus?
The Hardy-Weinberg principle can only be applied to loci with exactly two alleles.
The Hardy-Weinberg principle can only be applied to loci with exactly two alleles.
What term describes random changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error from one generation to the next, especially pronounced in small populations?
What term describes random changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error from one generation to the next, especially pronounced in small populations?
The introduction of new alleles into a population occurs through _________ and _________.
The introduction of new alleles into a population occurs through _________ and _________.
Match each genotype frequency with its corresponding scenario if the allele frequencies are p=0.6 and q=0.4:
Match each genotype frequency with its corresponding scenario if the allele frequencies are p=0.6 and q=0.4:
Flashcards
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Allele frequencies in a population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
p² + 2pq + q² = 1, where p and q represent allele frequencies, and the equation represents genotype frequencies.
p
p
The frequency of the dominant allele in a population.
q
q
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p²
p²
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q²
q²
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2pq
2pq
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No Natural Selection
No Natural Selection
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No Mutation / No Migration
No Mutation / No Migration
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Infinite Population Size
Infinite Population Size
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Study Notes
- The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem applies Mendelian genetics to populations of sexually reproducing, diploid individuals.
- Allele frequencies remain constant across generations under specific assumptions.
- With two alleles (p and q) at a locus, genotype frequencies are p², 2pq, and q².
- The frequency distribution remains constant across generations in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
- If allele A's frequency is p and allele a's frequency is q, then AA's frequency is p², Aa's frequency is 2pq, and aa's frequency is q².
- With only two alleles at a locus, p + q = 1 by mathematical necessity.
- The equation p² + 2pq + q² represents the binomial expansion of (p + q)² and sums to one.
- The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem extends to loci with more than two alleles, using multinomial expansion: (p1 + p2 + p3 + ... + pk)².
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:
- No natural selection: No consistent differences in survival or reproduction probabilities among genotypes.
- No mutation: No new alleles are introduced into the population.
- No migration: No movement of individuals or genes into or out of the population.
- Infinite population size: Genetic drift does not cause random changes in allele frequencies.
- Random mating: Individuals mate randomly with respect to the locus in question.
- Non-random mating doesn't change allele frequencies but can cause deviations from expected genotype frequencies.
Definitions:
- p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population
- q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population
- p² = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals
- q² = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals
- 2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals
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