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Questions and Answers
What will be the phenotype of all offspring from the cross of two homozygous recessive parents (pp * pp)?
What will be the phenotype of all offspring from the cross of two homozygous recessive parents (pp * pp)?
What principle did Mendel discover that explains how alleles segregate during gamete formation?
What principle did Mendel discover that explains how alleles segregate during gamete formation?
What is a complete set of chromosomes in a cell called?
What is a complete set of chromosomes in a cell called?
What is the cause of Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)?
What is the cause of Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)?
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What is shown by heterozygous chickens that have both black and white speckled feathers?
What is shown by heterozygous chickens that have both black and white speckled feathers?
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What does the term gametogenesis refer to?
What does the term gametogenesis refer to?
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How do harmful mutations affect organisms?
How do harmful mutations affect organisms?
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What is the difference between outcrossing and cross breeding?
What is the difference between outcrossing and cross breeding?
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What effect does polyploidy have on chromosomes?
What effect does polyploidy have on chromosomes?
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Which statement about phenotypes and genotypes is correct?
Which statement about phenotypes and genotypes is correct?
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What chromosomal condition is characterized by the gain of a single chromosome?
What chromosomal condition is characterized by the gain of a single chromosome?
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What information can be obtained from a karyotype?
What information can be obtained from a karyotype?
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What is grading up in animal breeding?
What is grading up in animal breeding?
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Study Notes
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype predicts phenotype in offspring (pp x pp = pp offspring)
- Homozygous recessive offspring have a homozygous recessive genotype.
Mendel's Discoveries
- Discovered the principle of dominance
- Discovered the principle of segregation
- Discovered the principle of independent assortment
- Birds and mammals have different sex chromosomes (false)
- Animal genotypes can be manipulated by breeding (true)
Karyotype and Chromosome Number
- A complete set of chromosomes is a karyotype.
- All body cells (except gametes) have a diploid chromosome number.
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21) results from homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis.
- Genotypes of parents can predict offspring phenotypes.
Predicting Offspring Genotypes
- Offspring genotypes can be predicted by crossing heterozygous parents (Yy x Yy = YY, Yy, yY, yy)
Codominance Example
- Heterozygous chickens with black and white speckled feathers exemplify codominance.
Phenotype Factors
- Many factors (genes, environment) influence phenotype (true).
Gametogenesis
- Gametogenesis is the term for the production of sex cells (true).
Genetic Disorders
- Only changes in chromosome structure can cause genetic disorders (false).
- Embryos have a haploid number of chromosomes (false).
Mutations and Survival
- Mutations can make organisms less likely to survive (harmful).
Chromosomal Characteristics
- Cells contain half the chromosome number (1N) in gametes (e.g., spermatozoa).
- Genotype is the actual genetic makeup and phenotype is physical appearance.
- Examples of phenotypes: eye color, hair color, height, tail length.
- Examples of genotypes: genes responsible for hair, height, diseases.
- Genome is called diploid, total number of chromosomes is called diploid number.
- Karyotype provides information about chromosome number, sex, and structural abnormalities.
- Autosomes control somatic characters, sex chromosomes control sexual characters.
- Phenotype is a result of genotype and environment
Polyploidy and Aneuploidy
- Polyploidy has a chromosome number that's a multiple of the normal haploid number (3n or 4n).
- Aneuploidy involves gaining or losing a single chromosome (monosomy or trisomy).
Chromosome Structure Variations
- Chromosome structure variations include deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions.
Mating Systems
- Inbreeding increases homozygosity.
- Outbreeding increases heterozygosity (e.g., species cross; crossbreeding).
Crossbreeding Reasons
- Crossing breeds brings good genes and increases productivity.
Domestication Prerequisites
- Domesticated animals adapt to various feed types and can survive and reproduce with humans.
Breeding Effects - Broilers and Laying Hens
- Broiler chickens have metabolic health problems due to rapid growth.
- Laying hens have increased bone fractures and reduced fertility due to lower calcium intake.
- Dairy cows may have reduced fertility and difficult births.
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Description
Test your understanding of key genetics concepts such as genotype and phenotype, Mendel's discoveries, and karyotypes. This quiz will cover principles like dominance, segregation, and independent assortment, as well as predicting offspring genotypes through Punnett squares. Challenge yourself with questions about codominance and real-life examples in animals.
